tsarism - Maria Flashcards
1
Q
why ws russia hard to govern?
A
- large social inequality as 93.7 million were peasants
- large part of area was not arable e.g. ,TUndra and Steppes
- variety of nationalities made it hard to communicate and there was a lack of community. There was also dicontent due to russification
- much of the terrain was unexplored
- p[oor road conditions and lack of railways
- as they industrialised, the effects led tyo shortages
- lack of industry
- strip farming and crop rotation enforced economic ineefficiency
- the soldiers had little righta and poor pay and low morale
2
Q
whaqt were the fetures of the russian government?
A
- autrocratic
- tsar at top and then is split into the imperial court, senate, cabinet of ministers
- there was the okhrana what dealt with anyone who critisised the government and nforced fear and limited free speech
- the orhtodox church legitimised the Tsar’s rule and gave the Tsar unchecked power
- the tsar was anti-jewish and encouraged prgroms against jewish settlements
3
Q
what is a pogrom?
A
a violent attack
4
Q
what is a serf
A
a peasant that is owned by a master
5
Q
what is a startsy or starets
A
a holy man associated with the orthodox church e.g., Rasputin
they wer eheld in special regard.,
6
Q
when did the social revelutionaries form?
A
1901
7
Q
what was the initial aim of the social revolutionaries?
A
to unite all people suffering under the Tsar
8
Q
what were the social revoltionaries? waht did they do? who supported them?
A
- it was not well organised and split into moderates and radicals.
- they hopes for a revolution (popular rising) with the peasants where the tsarist government was overthrown and replaced by a democratic republic
- they aimed to do this through agitation and terrorism, including the asssassination of government officials (e.g., Maria Sporodonova assasinated the cruel govenor of Tambov
- their main support was peasants
- they were not considered a large threat to the tsar as the peasants were spread a part, making them hard to unite, and there was a lack of money, recources and no central control even though they were violent
9
Q
what were the aims of the social democrats?
A
to overthrow the tsar and create a socialist state.
- thye had marxis views aand wanted ocmmunal alnd ownership and trade unions
10
Q
who was the support of social democrats?
A
workers in cities and large towns, students
11
Q
what were the tac tics of the social democrats?
A
in 1903 they split into the mensheviks and bolsheviks as they were solit over taktiks
12
Q
who were the cadets or constitutional democratic partyy mad eup of?
A
the liberals. they fromed in 1905
- it was mainly the mioddle class and liberal intelligensia like lawyers and doctos
-( some members of the gentry)
13
Q
what were the aims of the cadets?
A
- decmoctratically elected assembly, and a parliamenrt ot run the country
- free elections
- tsar to become a constitutional moarch liek the one in englands
- civil right e.g., freedom of speech, worship and conscience
- no censorship
14
Q
what were the tac tics of the cadets?
A
meetings, speeches, dicussions, publishing articles, and books calling for change - however they were a divided group without aims
15
Q
who were the octobrists? who were they supported by?
A
- name comes form the october manifesto and they didnt was a dfulll constitutional government
- they were made up of poweful land owners and intustrialists and some intelligentsia
- thye felt that the tsar needed to exersise a strong government
16
Q
who were hte mensheviks? what were their aims?
A
- thye were made up of the working class and a broader range of peopel including jewish and Georgians
- they believed that the party should be a mass organisation which all workers could join in/ this mass party woud grow until it eventually took power (social revolution)
- they wanted to promote trade unions and improve working conditions
- workwrs woudl gain class concsiousness over time
17
Q
what were the bolsheviks? who were they made up of? what were their aims? where they dangerous?
A
- made up of working class, hounge,r millitant pesant workers, who wanted discipline and leadership
- it was mad euphoria of proffessional revolutionaries and it operated under centralised leadership
- it aimed to bring socialist consciousness to the workers and lad them to revolution and lead to dictatorship
- note it was made up of small (nucleus) highly skilled, trained, individuals whow anted to seze power at the right time. they believed they woudl be infiltrated ift he party was bigger
- thye hoped ot expose class consciousness
18
Q
when was the first revolution in russia?
A
1905
19
Q
what was the cause of the 1905 russian revolution?
A
- working conditions were bad
- peasants had to pay heavy taxes on grain and the taxes on everyday items such as alcohol and salt were increased (to be able to invest in industrialisation)
- workers wages were gept low
in 1902 there was an industrial slump and whrre were also poor harvets from 1900 to 1902 - there was starvation and outbreaks of violence which was crushed by gov
- land lords collected tax form peasants and the peasant sburnt houses down to remove recors
- russo japanese war
- bloody sunday
20
Q
what were the impacts of the russo japanese war?
A
something that was supposed to be a success and stop critisim failed
- the prices shot up and shortages increased
- there was a lack of industrial material and so factories closed leading to unemplyment
- there was a major loss at port arthur leading to protests
21
Q
when was the russojapanese war?
A
1904
22
Q
when did russia lose port arthur?
A
1905
23
Q
what was bloody sunday
A
- a peaceful protest
- father gabon, a priest organsied a march to deliver a petition to the tsar asking for his help
- 200,000 people marched to deliver the petition to the tsar to the winter palace
- there were topps there and they panices and opened fire
- the tsaeqasnt there but it made him seem careless
-there were about 100-1000 causalties
24
Q
what is the significane of bloody sunday for the 1905 revolution?
A
it was the spark that led to more strikes
e.g., b y the end of january there were more than 400,000 workers out on strike
25
when was Bloody Sunday?
22nd Jan 1905
26
what happened in frebruary of 1905?
strikes spread to more cities, workers demanded for 8 hour working days and higher wages + better conditions
- on the 4th geb, the Grand Duke Srergein, the Tsar's uncle was assassinated
27
what happened in march 1905?
the russina army was defeated
28
what happened in may 1905?
middle class began to demand for an elected government
29
what happened in june 1905?
the sailors of the battleship Potemkin mutinied and this was worrying for the government as other sections of the army might also have started to mutiny
30
what happened in june and july of 1905?
the peasant riots becamer widespread. land was seized and landowner's houses were looted and burned
31
what happened in september 1905?
a peace treaty betwen japan and russia was signed. the government payed them all bavk pay so they woudl remain loyal to the Tsar
32
whqat happened in october in 1905?
a general strike spread to moscow and other citis. all opposition groups inclusing workers, students, teacher etc were united in demanding changes. Barricades were set up in the streets
- on the 26th the st petersburg soviet of worker's deputies formed. the rreprasesntatives from factoreis met to coordinate strike action. soviets were formed in other cities. this was a great threat ot the god
on 30th october, the manifesto was released
33
what happens in novemebr 1905?
land redemption payments stopped
(redemption payemtns what peasants had been making since they bought their land in 1861)- bought oer peadants
34
what happened in december 1905?
tsar forses the st petersburg soviet.
35
how could you categorise the three reasons which led to the 1905 revolution?
eforced industrialisation -where peasants had to pay high taxes so the gov could invest in indutrialisation. wages kept low, 1902 industrial slump caused unemployment - strikes
harvests - 1900-1902 poor harvests, they starved. this c aused outbreaks of violence and landlords houses were burned. the govenrment used troops to crush disturbances but the demonstrations continued form 1902 to 1903.. the peasants burned down the houses to remove evidence of tax records
russojapanese war
36
what were the demands of the peaceful protesters on Bloody Sunday?
- work days to be 8 hours long,
minimum wage or a rouble a day
- (not be involved in war)
- issues revolving around taxes
37
what were the demands of the octoebr manifesto?
- establishment of duma
- grant population of essential foundations of civil freedom, fredom of consciounce, speech, assembly, and association
(increased loyalty to tsar and decreased discontent but it also legitimised opposition)
38
who was october manifesto made by? when?
oct 17th 1905 by Tsar Nicholas II
39
who could vote in the duma?
most russian men
40
why did the first duma break down within 6 weeks?
there qas coflict between the radical duma who wanted to pressure the tsar and the conservative monarch. the gov decided they couldnt work with it and so they dissolved it
41
what reforms did stolypin propose?
land reform, educqtion, legal system and ecxtend the range of civil freedoms.
his intention was to bring about reform in every aspect of life?w
42
who was stolypin?
prime minister of russia
43
when was stolypin elected?
1906
44
what was the onyl reform of stolypin's that didn't compeltely fail?
the agratrya reform which wad supposed to encoursge entrepeneurship among tuddisn farmers. however its impact was limited
45
how many udmas were there ?
4
46
when was the first duma? what was it like? what happened?
April-june 1906
- large number of liberal and reformist parteis elected
- fundamental laws published
- 200 cadet and social revelutionaly deputies formed a rival assembly in finland which suppressd stolypin
- radical
47
when was the second duma duma? what was it like? what happened?
- still pretty radical
- feb-june 1907
- it was also dissolved to show how reluctant tsar was to accepting reforms
- cadet reps halves and bolsheviks and social revs entered making it more radical
- they anfgered the tsar by critisising the military
48
when was the third duma? what was it like? what happened?
nov 1907-june 1912
- more conservative
- not as much progress made
- questioned ministers
- made proposals to modernise armed services
- developed national insurance for industrial workers
- the electoral system was dictored by stolypin to limit the number of opponenets
1 in 6 men could vote
49
when was the fourth duma? what was it like? what happened?
nov 1912-aug 1914
- tsar continued ot ignore wishes of duma snd used violence to mantain public order
ww1 met duma only met intermitenrlt
50
how did the tsar and the duma influence the future?
it meant rise to opposition inevitable as he had no intention of granting hte wished fo the duma
51
in what wasys did life imporve for Russians after 1905?
- strikes decrrased
about 1400 to 200 from 1905-1910
- kulaks wee allowed to by neighbouring strips of land and stolypin had a peasant reform so peasants could get more bank loans
- industry boomed - from 1906-14 industry increaed by 100%
52
in what ways did life not improve after 1905?
- the duma was not succssful overall as the tsar didnt work with it
- newspapers were often fined for writing articles offeding the government
- wages of factory workers syazyed low - couldnt fford bread
- 1912 lena goldfiels in siberia strike where 170 died showed there were still repression. 373 were wounded. there were 2032 strikes that year
- gov encourages 4 million peasants to settle on new lands on the trans siberian railways but when they got there the best land had been taken by rich land owners
- tsar dissolved duma whenever he wished
- 20000 stikers, protestors, revolutionaries were exiled by stolypin
- thousands were executed in stolypin's courts and his noose became known as stolypin's necktie
53
how did the was impact russians?
- lossses at tannenburg and masurian lakes - morale
- shortages meant materials and prices increased, factories closed leading to unemplyument
- tsarina and tsar are asssociated with rasputin - losing their reputation
- in september 1915 the tsar takes over army and is blamed for all defeats
- tsar and tsarina lost favour with upper classes due to rasputin
54
what changed in 1917
in march 1917 there was erious discontent and workers wanted political changes
on march 7th in petrograd - 40,000 workers from girant Pulitove engineering works went on strike for higher wages
- on the 8th thousadns more women joined
- the tsar ordered they be put down with force and ignored advice from officiols
- by the 10th around 250,000 were deomnstrating and industry came to a standstill
- on march 12th, the soldiers refused to firs on crowd and some regiments joined demonstrations
- tsar abdicates
55
when ddi the tsar abdicate?
15th March
- he was not allowed back into petrograd
56
when was the revolution that led to the abdication of the tsar?
Feb 1917
57
what happened on march 12th 1917?
the duma took over and set up the provisional government
58
