pg and bolsheiks - Russia (Maria) Flashcards
ifnish the konstrandt uprising anf photocopy some information hseets, what is komosol though lowkey?
1
Q
after the tsar abdicated, who took power?
A
the PG and the petrograd soviet - dual power
2
Q
what were the problems facing the PG?
A
- continuing defeats of WW1
- it wasnt elected
- theft by peasaenty against land lords
- unknown allegiance of military and deserting soldiers
- emergence of soviets across russia
- demands for independance from national minorities
petrograd soviet (3000 radicals) acting as a rival source fo power
3
Q
who is kerensky?
A
leader of PG
4
Q
when did lenin return to russia?
A
16th April 1917
5
Q
what were the demands of the april theses?
A
peace, bread, land (to peasants)
power to soviets
no cooperation with provisional government
6
Q
when were the april theses made? what were the premises?
A
17th April 1917
This speech was made by Lenin on his return to RUssia
7
Q
what actions did the PG take when it was in power?
A
- Kerensky refused to give land to peasants in July 1917 (he felt a free for alll grabs would ensue many soldiers would desert the army to become involved) - increase in discontent
- failure to solve the economic crisis. bread was scarce and the PG failed to deal with problems. Bread rations in ptrograd fell from 675g per day to 225g per day in sept 1917
- the konilov affair
- july days
- continuing the war and ignoring the demands of the soviets (PG worried that defeat by germany would have too many signifficant impacts. Deserting soldiers increased.-related to july days
8
Q
what was the Kornilov affair?
A
KERENKY HAD APPOINTED KORNILOV TO BE THE HEAD OF RUSSIAN ARMY
he ordered the cossacks to march on petrograd as kornilov decided he wanted to establish his own gov with the revolutionaries. kerensky panicjed and called the bolsheviks, giving their red guard rifles to help defed the city. Kornilov’s troop s never arrives
made it seem like thery had no power and bolsheviks had power. it also showed that ekrensky ccouldnt call ont he army
9
Q
when was the kornilov affair?
A
27 August 1917
10
Q
what were the July days?
A
- in july, Kerensky launched a huge attack on the Grrmans. It was a huge mistake and lead to a terrible defeat. it sparked an enormous demonstration in Petrograd known as the ‘July Days’.
on the 16-17th July there were major protests. they turned to the bolsheviks to lead them but the bolshviks werent ready to seixe power. the demonstrations turned into rioting and mobs. troops were sent in. kerensky produced letters to show that lenin was part of the germans and him and othe rleading bolsheviks were arrested. kerensky became prime minister.
11
Q
why coudl Lenin come back to russia?
A
he came from germany. the germans helped him,event hough the russians and germand were fighting, as they hoped he would stir up trouble in RUssia and took him on a special concealed train to get him into russia.
12
Q
why did Lenin not want to cooperate with the PG?
A
they were made up of the middle class whereas the revolution should start witht the proletariats (workers)
13
Q
why did lenin want the war to end immediately?
A
it was negatively affecting the working class
14
Q
why should land be given to the peasants?
A
it was farier and then the peasants wouldnt be oppressed
15
Q
did the Bolsheviks fgain popularity when the PG were still aorund?
A
yes. they rapidly became popular. their membership grew form 40,000-200,000 form jan to july 1917. thye also had 105 seats in the representatives in the first all russian congress of soviets, but this was less than half of the mensheviks and social revs
16
Q
why did the war benefit lenin?
A
it destabilised the PG and created unrest. blame fell on the PG as they didnt resolve it and they were scapegoated. the bolsheviks provided a sense of opposition
17
Q
before the july days was a bolshevik gakeover likely?
A
no- not enoigh support, numers, armed capability
18
Q
by october, how was the support for the PG and kerensky?
A
- they had lost support of the army because of the loss of morale and war issues
- lost support of peasant because tjeu hadnt been given their promised land
- they had lost the support of towns and cities as working and livign conditions were still terrible, food shortages due to war causign hunger, and issues with law and orfer
19
Q
what did the bosheviks do with the dfirearms given to them in the kornilov coup?
A
they kept them.
20
Q
what is the name of the army of the bolsheviks?
A
Red army
21
Q
what happened at the end of 1917 which was good for the bolsheviks?
A
at the end of september 1917 they won a majority int he elctipns to the petrograd soviet and trotsky, a recent rectuit to the bosheviks became chairman. this helped them as it gave them power .
at the same time, the peasant began sezizing land and Kerensky sent out punishment brigades which only deteriorated the situation further. more soldeirs were deserting the army. weather conditions worsened
22
Q
when was the time right for the bolsheviks to seize power?
A
Lenin was hiding in finland. he sent messages to eladign bolsheviksnto seize power now that thye controlled the soviet but they refused to comply. Lenin returned to petrograd in disguise on OCTOBER 23RD and convinced more cautious bolsheviks to take power
23
Q
how was it advertised that the bolsheviks were going to take over?
A
newspapers and bolshevik leaflets advertised that it was fgoing ot happen.
24
Q
where was the bolshevik headquaters?
A
Smolny Institute a fromer girls’ school. this is where the takeover was planned
25
when did the coup of the bolsheviks take over
November 7th 1917
26
what happened on nov 7th 1917.
the red guard, lead by trotsky, took control of bridges, the main rail post office, the railway station, and the power stations (in the east morning).
troops offered little resistance.
Kerenky awoke to find that the bolsheviks contorlled most of the city. the bolshevik takeover continued throughout the day but so did normal business. shops and factories stayed open.
Many assumed he would resist but he fled and never returned. the bolsheviks took to the winter palace where the PG was meetibng.
At 9pm Aurora, a ship whos sailors supported the bolsheviks, fired a blank shot to start the attack on the winter palacve. not much attaking was neede. there was no resistance. from the cadets or PG.
the folowing morning they also seized control of the state bank
27
when did the bolsheviks issue a decree proclaimig the existance of a soviet government?
8th Nov 1917
28
when did the bolsheviksget less than half the seart in the all russian congress of soviets
JUne 1917
29
what was the PG's main convern if it failed to participate in WW1?
- germany woudl easily take over
- german influence would negatively affect russia
30
how did the Bolsheviks stay in power?
- lenin set up a govenrment called sovnakom - 'the council of people's comissars'
31
what did Sovnakom do in its first monthsd?
Decrees made in November:
- maximum 8 hour work day and 48 hour work week declared for industrial workers
- employment insurance introduced for workers for injusries, illness, unemployment
- all titels and class distinctions were abolished e.g., no dukes or lords everybody was comrade
- woman declared equal to men
- all non bolshevik newpapers banned
- all land taken away from Tsar
December
- the cadets were banned
- all factories to be putt under control of the worker's committee
- all banks taken over by gov
- army was to be more democratic re.g., no ranks or saluting
- chruch land ot be confiscated
- divorce made easier and does not have to be in chucrches
32
what was the name for the secret service for the bolsheviks?
the Cheka
33
when was the Checka set up?
decemebr 1917
- HQ in Moscow
- arrested peole suspected to be in contept with Lenin -many shot without trial
34
what did the Cheka launch?
the Red Terror
35
what was the issue witht he consituent assmebly ofr the bolsheviks?
in nov 1917, lenin had been forced into holding elections promised by the PG. the railway workers said that theyw woudl shut downt the railways if Lenin didnt go ahead with RUssia's first free elections. These were to choose a constituant assembly to figure out how russia was to be governed.
this was a real threat to Lening as the party with the most voted would probably form a new government.
in the elections, the bolsheviks lost. the socialist revolutionaries had won by a large margin (370 seats comparet to 175 bolshevik seats)
36
what did Lenin do with the constituant assembly
in jan 1918 he sent in soldiers to shut it down for good. the SR and cadets accused the bolsheviks of seizing power and demanded that they reopen iyt byt they failed. the SRs tried to seize control of the Moscow soviet and there were several assassinations on lenin but all failed
this made the bolsheviks mor eunpopular
37
why was ther einternational worry and outrage surrounding the bolsheviks?
- many countries were terrified by the spear of communism nd wanted to see a restoration of the tsar.
- russias former allies was also outraged that russia had desterted them in WW1
-- these powers suportes russian royalists
- they likerd the idea of civil war to push out the soviets
38
why was there dissatiscaction in 1917-1918 with the bolsheviks in the countryside?
the peasants natural choice of party, SRs had been marginalised and pushed out by bolsheviks
- the food crisis had not impoved due to treaty of brest lists
39
when was the treaty of brest litvosk signed?
march 1918
40
what was involved in the treaty of brest litvosk?
- 62 million people (1.6 population)
= 27% farmland
- 26% railways
- 74% iron ore and coal
41
when did the bolsheviks become the communists?
1918
42
what happened by summer of 1918?
the communists were under attack. they onlu controlled a small part of russia
43
why were the national minorities dissatisfied?
they believed that with the tsar gone, thye would be able to break away from russia. Lenin did not allow this
44
what were the 3 main sides of the civil war?
red, whites, greens
45
how long did the civil war last?
1918-1923
46
- who were the reds?
communists
47
hwo were the whites?
all opponents of bolsheviks e.g., tsarists and nobles, middle class democrats, mnsheviks and social revs
thye wore white uniforms and were associated with old gov and tsar
48
who were the greens?
an independant group of nationalists, peasants or bandits who romes russia at the time. they fought anyone who. reiaded villages or townsq
49
what were the geographical factors of the reds adn whites?
reds:
had central and western russia which contained most of the large industral centres required to suply muntitions and war supplies
- they had control of the railway lines wich connected petrograd and moscow to the rest of the countrt. this means that they could send soldiers and munitions to anyplce in battle are quickly
whites:
- they were scattered around this central area often with hundred of miles separating differend armies
- communications were difficult and there was also tensions witht he generals aswell
50
what was the aims of the red
to stay in powerr
to build a new socialist society
51
what was the aims of the whites?
the groups were made up of whites with different names
- some wanted tsar back
- some wanted military dictator
- others wanted a constitutional governmentrnment or revolutonary change
- they all wanted to defeat bolsheviks
52
what was leadership like in the red army?
- trotsky was a superb leader.
- he introduced conscription dor men over 18
- he brought in almost 50,000 expereinced former tsarist officers and appointed political commissars and fanatical bolsheviks to make sure all orders were carried out
- he was v corageous, keeping morale high
53
what was leadership liek in the white army?
- lacked good leaders and the commanders were often cruel, disrespectful, set a bad exmaple - drinking and drugs
- there was major distrust and ccouldnt coordinate attacks
- there was fightgina wirthin the army due to diefferent beliefs
54
what foreign intervention was there in the civil war?
- the whites had support form the foreign powers. Britain, france, japan, and the usa, along with other countries ent forces to help them. howeveer many armaments were not tha useful.
- this also made the whites looked bad as the communists could associate them with the capitalist powers, whilst the communists were ordinary russian defendersof foreign invaders
55
what were the weakenss' of the whites?
- difficulty in communicating due to differend aims and little could be aggreed on
-0 cruel leaders
- ditsrust
- inner fighting
- troops lacked morale and didn't want ot fight
- dovision of aims
- no coordinated attakcs
- aid form westenr powers in some ways
- spread geographically
- unpopular executionsq
56
what were the tac tics and military strengths of the red artmy?
- controlled area of russia with lots of industry for military supplies
- controled railways form petrograd to moscow to the rest of the country
- large army of at least 50000 experienced officers
- well trained
- conscirption
- controlled large industrial centres
- 5 million men in army
- clear, coragous, disciplined leader - trotsky
- they didnt take prisoners of war and so they had a more moral campaign and also made promised ot peasantry about keeping land
- they had similar aims
57
how can the red terro and war communism be attributed to the success of the bolsheviks?
- the cheka executed 50,000 including those with defeatist attitudes or hoarding suply
- they controled railwayys
- executed royal family
- harsh discipline
and execution if army deserted
- warr communism which was the forced requisioning fo grain to feed the red army and so they were in a better posisiotn to succed
58
what were the pros of war communism?
in towns - state took control of industry and lenin put in stickt discipline and managers
0 trade unions banned to workers couldnt leave city
59
what were the cons of war communism?
in towns:
- factories didnt run well
- likened to force labour camps
- balck market increased due to food shortages and workers sometimes got as little as 200g per day
- money became worthless and the rouble of 1920 was 1 % of what is was in 1917
- in 1920 wages were paid in good not money
in the country side:
- lenin needed food for workers
- peasant were unwillign to sell grain for worthless cash
- units of cheka weewe sent out to seixe food and hoarders were severly punished. peasant resuisted leagin to a bitter strugle
- peasants produced leass grain as they had less motivation
use of terror:
- cheka = more brutal
- people were arrested, executed/laboutr camps without trial
- many workers thought it was worse than tsar's regime
60
what was the result of war communism?
- economy in ruind
- industrial production had fallen significantly
0 cities in chaos and crime increased
- bagmen road trains, bringin supplied to citied for quick illegasl profit
0 agriculture colapsed and requisitioning led to low harvests
- this led to famine killing atleast 5 million people
- production decreasd e.g., 29m tonned of coal in 1913 and 9m in 1921. 4.1 m tonnes of iron in 1913 and 0.1 in 1921
61
why might hte peasants have not supported the whites?
they promised to restore land to landlords
62
what opposition was there to lenin's policies during the civil war?
- opposition rew as aresult of economic hardhsip
- worker's opposition foremd, demanding higher wages.
- Konstrands Mutiny in mach 1921 where sailors at the Konstrandt naval base staged an uprising saying life under communism was worke than death
mamny sent to labout camps
63
wit the november and december decrees in 1917, what was the difference in tone?
the november one was appelaing to workers, peasants and giving them what they wanted, hence decreasing unrest and anger towards the central power
- more generosity with work hours
- peac eby ending war with germany
- trying to convince people they are right ot rule
- in december they were enforcing their powee and making hure they would be abel to mantain it and removed opposition
- it was more more forcefula nd controling
64
why did the bolsheviks do so badly in the nov 1917 elections?
lenin didn't have ime to becpme rooted in rural areas and expand into provinces
65
how did lenin get away with disosllving the constituant assembly?
- claimed thye were rigged
- use of red guards as force
- claimed it was to protect russia
66
what actually happened to the Tsar and his family?
they were assasinated on July 17th 1918 by the bolsheviks. thisd happened as white forces closed in on Ekaterinburg and the tsar may have helped unite white forces
67
how were foreing forces involved in 1921?
a massive international aid program was mounted, in which the SUA played.a ojor role (idrk the significance but it was in the textbook)
68
what were the two main oppositions to lenin;s policies?
workers oppositions who wanted higher wages, more food etc
- konstrandt naval base in 1921 mach
- they staged an upsiring as lifge had gotten so bad. they (the red konstrandters) had previously been big supported in the 1917 rev but by 1921 they were chanfged and had to fight in civilwar. trotsky sent ment o crush them and 20,000 men were wounded or skilled in theattack anf they were sent to labour camps
69
what was the NEP?
it was announced in March 1921
- new economic policy
70
what were the main features of the NEP?
- basically capitalism brought back to parts of society
- peasants could sell surplus grain fgor profit
- peasants paid tax on what rthye produced
- small factories were handed back into private ownership
- prive treading of small foods was allowed
- grain requisitioning was stopped
- traders could buy and sell goods
- larger industries remained under state contdol e.g., coal, steel
71
how did Lenin get the NEP accepted in the party?
- he made it clear it was temporary and it was vital that heavy industries stay in state hands
- many bolsheivks saw it as a betrayal of communism
- nit seemed to be working by 1925
- he claimed it would give them breathing spacer so they wcould get beack on tehri feet
72
who are nepmen?
they made high profits by buying food and goods cheaplt and seeling them for more. they were a result of the NEP§
73
what were the consequences of the NEP?
- electrificastion:
- lenin wanted to modernise the USSR and replacde this like the use of oil lamps. he envisaged a great network of power stations for large scale industry and electircity in every home
- foreign trade :
- NEP encouraged those who previously refused to trade with the USSR to begin and trade again and western countries hoped this woudl meant hat they were moving back towards capitalism
0 e.g., anglosvoiet agreemenr 1921 and large scale trade of RUssian oil
however there were limits to success:
- prices of manufactured goods was high so peasants didnt think is was owrth it to sell grain surpluses and many peasants srtayed poor
- levels of unemployment remained a huge problem and high levels of cirme wa sassociated with this
- private proffiting of nepotism men
0 more inverment needed to boost the economy
74
how did the communists try and change RUssia?
- equality and family and role of women - marriage and divorce made easy, abortion availabe on demand, more equality for womne in work plance (but peeople hesitant in family roles changing)
- religion - forbidden to teach ti to children under 15 and some prists exiled
- education - improved, literacy program introduced
- the arts - experimmentation was encouraged and old forms of tsarist art was abandoned. new types of housing also papeared. artists worked in teams and there were communist films made
- thye also sent out agripops which were agitation and propaganda so badicallt boats and trams to send mesaged to promote communism
75
what was life line in the 20s in villages?
- lots of distrust
76
when did lenin die?
jan 1924
77
was lenin a good leader?
for: he was an excellent leader and modest
- a good personal speaker
- he was the instigated (?) the 1917 revolution
- he had superb ogranisational skills and kept russia going
- the success of the bolsheviks could be attributed to lenin
- he allowed more freedom after 1921
no he wasnt a good leader:
- he seized power with a small group fo people leading to a dictatorship
- he would not share power with other socialists especially the sdocial revolutionaries who had won the constituant assembly
- he used ruthless methods of terror to stay in power e.g., Checks
- he was prepared ot see millions of russians suffer for his ideals
- he limited free speech
- members of the communist partywere not allowed to disagree with leaders and it was an organisation made for carrying out orders e..g, he shut down other political parties and newspapers
78
who were the options to beome leader of communist russia? how left/right wing where they?
- Leon Trotsky - orgnaised successful 1917 revolution and led red army to win civil war. He leaned very far left and hated NEP
- Stalin - played little role in 1917 rev and was in the middle between left and rihh wing. He believed that the USSR could be built as communist without help of people form outside
- Zinoviev - helped set up bolshevik party in 1903. head of comintern and tried to bring about revolutions in other countries. he wanted to end the NEP and have complete state control. however he opposed the oct rev
- Bukharin - firm supporter of NEP and right wing side of communism
- Kamanev- left wing and an old bolshevik. disliked the NEP =. opposed oct rev but was also made party leader in Moscow
79
what did Lenin's testament of 1922 say?
- that there wre two main successors:
stalin and trotsky
- trostsky was outstanding and very capable but also self confident and not as good a polititian
- stalin: lenin was cuatious of how stalin woudl handle power
there was also zinoviev and kamanev who lenin said he ddn;t like as they didnt support the october revolution but maybe also not their fault
Bukharin was valuble and a favoured theorist of the party
80
how did stalin gain power? what were his strengths?
- he rose to beurocratic positions and had a reputation as being tough and hardened
- he was close to the centre of the party as commissar of nationalities.
- he gained power in the party and could appoint posts and cotntrol membership
- a tough childhoos made him a tough and pwoerful leader
- he hazd showed previous loyalties in th e1917 revolution despite not palying a central role
- he was later appointed general secretary of the- he was happy rt do administrative jobs to build a reputation
81
how did stalin gain power? what were his opponents' weakness' (or maybe strengths?)?
-Trotsky was arrogant and dismissive of othe rleading bolsheviks. he also had a lack of respecrt and his uncompromising views could have caused splits int he party
- other partyy memebrs distrusted trotsky adn they were worried he might become dictator. he also suffered form illness
- he was also viewed as an outsider and only joined in 1917
- zinoviev and kamanev hadnt supported the 1917 rev
- Kukharin was not fully oxmitted rto marxism e.g., support for NEP and less cunning
However, trotsky was a ggood leader, equal to lenin and planned th eoct rev
and zhinoviev was party leader in leningrad giving him power
82
how were the arts and education used by lenin?
they were used as a method for control
83
what were the pros and cons of lenins actions in the 20s?
pros- equlaity for women
- education improved
- creativity thrived
cons
- religion was forbidden
- epole were resistant to change
- rise of propaganda
84
what is so special about Lenin's testament of 1922 to his followrrs?
it wass never released. Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamanev ensured it and any mention of it would lead ot an immediate arresrt as it made trotsky look like the future leader
85
what were the weakenss' of stalin?
he was seen as mediocre and weak aswell as humourless by other leadign communists
he was not an intelecutla or inspiring speaker liek trotsky.
he also had one serious issue: lenins testament. leinn has become worried about stalin's fgrowing power and he found out that in 1921 he brutally put down georgians. Stalin also insulted lenin's wife. Lenin detected a dangerous aspect in Stalin's persionalitgy.
BUT he was politiacally cunning and built up support by staying in the background
86
what were the differences in Stalins and Trotsky's political ideologies?
tortsky wanted a 'permanent reovlution' meaning thye woudl help communists inoother countired stage reovlutinos by sending monewy and agents. he also wanted to end the NEP and have more socialist wyas of running country
Stalin hoever wanted 'Socialism in one country' where the russians would build. communist state in the USSR without the help of people from outside.
87
How did Stalin successfully gai power after the death of Stalin?
1. At lenin's funeral , Trotsky was all and stalin tricked him into not coming. People thought that Trotsky couldn't be bothered to turn up. Stalin on the other hand makes a big speech and said he was Lenin's disciple
2. leading communists decided not to make Lenin's testamentt public
3. in May 1924, after the first party congress after Lenins death, Zhinoviev and Kamanev joined forces with stalin to defeat Trotsky. Stalin as party secretary, made sure that all his supporters packed congress and trotsky lost all the votes, aswell as his job as commissar for the war. He was dismissed - easily defeated as eh wasd unwilling to appeal to supporters
- in 1924 Zinoviev and Kamaenv also mount a vicious cappaign against Trotsky and Stalin stays in the background, building up his bade. He used this tijme to put key supported into party positions
4. in 1926, Zinoviev and Kamanev are betrayed by stalin. Stalin joined forces with Bukharin and put his idea forward of socialism in one country. Again, Srtalins supportes allowed him to win in congress and Kamanec and zinoviev lost their jobs at the politburo
5. in 1927 Trotsky, zinoviev and akamanev are expelled from the party
6. Stalin turns on Bukharin and right wing MPs. he attacks the NEP and removes them from their posts.
7. Trotsky was exiled to Sibria
- by 1929 he was undisputed leaderof the USSR
note at this point stalins hypocrisy doesnt really matter anyore as he basically controls the partyy and manoveours it as he pleases
88
How did Stalin successfully gai power after the death of Stalin?
1. At lenin's funeral , Trotsky was all and stalin tricked him into not coming. People thought that Trotsky couldn't be bothered to turn up. Stalin on the other hand makes a big speech and said he was Lenin's disciple
2. leading communists decided not to make Lenin's testamentt public
3. in May 1924, after the first party congress after Lenins death, Zhinoviev and Kamanev joined forces with stalin to defeat Trotsky. Stalin as party secretary, made sure that all his supporters packed congress and trotsky lost all the votes, aswell as his job as commissar for the war. He was dismissed - easily defeated as eh wasd unwilling to appeal to supporters
- in 1924 Zinoviev and Kamaenv also mount a vicious cappaign against Trotsky and Stalin stays in the background, building up his bade. He used this tijme to put key supported into party positions
4. in 1926, Zinoviev and Kamanev are betrayed by stalin. Stalin joined forces with Bukharin and put his idea forward of socialism in one country. Again, Srtalins supportes allowed him to win in congress and Kamanec and zinoviev lost their jobs at the politburo
5. in 1927 Trotsky, zinoviev and akamanev are expelled from the party
6. Stalin turns on Bukharin and right wing MPs. he attacks the NEP and removes them from their posts.
7. Trotsky was exiled to Sibria
- by 1929 he was undisputed leaderof the USSR
note at this point stalins hypocrisy doesnt really matter anyore as he basically controls the partyy and manoveours it as he pleases
89
what control did stalin have when becoming party leade?
control of party membership.
control of party organisation- meaing he could do amny things includig pack congress with his supporters
position in orgburo and secretariat - this allowed him to put supporters in to key posistion like in ukraine
part secretary - could control what was discussed to an extent
90
was Salins rise due to his own abilities or other factors?
Stalin:
he expesllled Zinvoiev and Kamanev by manipulating them into critisising him publicly and accused them of making a faction within the party.
Stalin turned on Bukharin 1929 aswell as younger and more radical elements likely to support trotsky from 1922-24
he controlled part membership and was politically cunning
he was willinfg to abandon and adopt policies at his worn speed
he put supporters into party
positions
he also tricked trotsky into not attendig funeral
people under estimate him
other factors:
many paerty memebers distrusted trotsky as he had also been a menshevik intil 1917 and he had extreme views which could split the party
Trotsky was ill making him weka
othe rbolsheviks allowed stalin to remove pro trorskty members as they feared trotsky may become dictator (especially considering he was popular with red army and younger party memebrs)
- trotsky wads arrogant and didnt inspire affection or loyalty like lenin
- trotsky refused to gret in to the political infighting
- torotkys 'permanent reovlution' worried other communists who thought it was too ambitious
91
