Tsardom and Communism Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
- Who was Tsar Nicholas’ grandfather and what was he known as?
- What were his aims?
- How did he die?
- Who was Tsar Nicholas’ father?
- What did Tsar Nicholas think about politics?
A
- Alexander ll AKA Alexander the liberator
- Reorganising the judicial system; abolishing corporal punishment; ending privileges of nobility; promoting university education etc.
- Assassinated by revolutionaries wanting to overthrow Tsarist autocracy
- Alexander lll
- He showed little interest in it
2
Q
- When was Tsar Nicholas born?
- When did Nicholas become Tsar?
- Which war did Russia suffer defeat in 1904-1905?
- When was Bloody Sunday and the October Manifesto?
- Who was appointed 2nd PM in 1906 and when were they assassinated?
- 1913 is the —-th anniversary of Romanov rule.
- When did the Tsar abdicate?
- When did the Tsar and his family die?
A
- May 1868
- Unofficially- November 1894. Officially- May 1896
- The Russo-Japanese war
- 22nd Jan 1905 and Oct 1905
- Stolypin in 1911
- 300
- March 1917
- July 1918
3
Q
Why were the nationalities a problem in Russia in the late 19th century?
A
- Only 40% of the Tsar’s subjects spoke Russian as a first language
- Some groups like the Poles and Finns hated Russian rule and Jews were persecuted
4
Q
What were the industrial problems in Russia in the late 19th century?
A
- Russia was attempting to modernise quickly
- Oil and coal doubled, iron tripled
- Peasants left the land to go and work in the new industrial centres
- Moscow and Saint Petersburg was overcrowded filthy and disease ridden
- Trade unions were illegal and there was no restrictions on child labour.
- Increasing middle class led to clashes between the capitalists and the workers
5
Q
What was wrong with Russia’s population?
A
- Increased by 50% in the late 19th century
- 80% were peasants, few of which could read or write
- 1.5% were aristocracy, but they owned 25% of land.
6
Q
Why was there growing discontent under the Tsar?
A
- Demand for a more democratic rule. Autocracy was old-fashioned especially compared to European neighbours like France or England.
- Resources were not being used. Large nation with many raw materials that weren’t sold or mined to boost economy.
- Angry peasants and workers. There was no minimum wage so labour costs were cheaper but they were paid very low. Rich minority and poor peasant population. Tax evasion for rich. No education or health and safety
7
Q
What political problems caused the 1905 revolution?
A
•Political problems
- Ethnic minorities (Jews) were persecuted
- No freedom of speech critiquing government
- Influence of Zemstava reduced
8
Q
Who were the opponents of the Tsar?
A
•Socialist Revolutionaries
-Aimed to give the nobility’s huge estates to the poor
-Believed in violent struggle and we’re responsible for assassinations and murders they were very popular
•Liberals/Cadets
-Greater democracy, powerful parliament, no autocracy.
-Middle class reformers and Zemstvas, pushed for constitutional monarchy with the right to vote for all men.
•Social democractics
-Believed in Marxism
-Focused on agitation amongst workers in cities
-split into Bolsheviks led by Lenin and Mensheviks led by Martov
9
Q
What are the definitions of Marxism, Communism and Socialism in that order?
A
> A political and economic theory where society has no classes. Every worker works for common good and equally there is no more worker exploitation. Monarchy is overthrown
Political and economic belief based on Marxism. Public owns all property and then becomes classless society. Government at first but will dissolve
Idea based on Marxism but gentler than communism. Classless society but still private ownership of property and slower change
10
Q
What economic problems caused the 1905 revolution?
A
- Tsar’s regime was funded from tax from peasants. Harsh so periodic riots broke out
- Peasants had to pay Redemption tax to the government to pay the landowners for the loss of slaves
- Bad working conditions, lack of sanitation and running water
- Economic downturn in early 1900’s led to loss of jobs and unemployment
11
Q
What long term political problems caused the 1905 revolution?
A
- Ethnic minorities, especially Jews, were discriminated against.
- Less freedom of speech and Zemstavs power was reduced
12
Q
- Who led the Bloody Sunday protests?
- How many workers went on strike and even though———- , ———-
- When was bloody sunday?
- What was the purpose of Bloody Sunday?
- How many people dies on bloody sunday?
- What was the impact of bloody sunday?
A
- Russian orthodox priest, father Gregory Gapon, led legal trade union to quell economic discontent.
- 100,000 workers went on strike. Troops were called, though protests were peaceful
- 22 Jan 1905, Fr Gapon led a march to deliver petition to Tsar
- They believed Tsar didn’t know about problems, just blamed the officials and ministers.
- Up to 200 people died
- It showed that Tsar knew, he just didn’t care
13
Q
Why did the 1905 revolution fail / why did the Tsar survive?
- Japan
- Leadership
- Oppression
- Army
- OM
- Stolypin
A
- Released army prisoners who went to the aid of the Tsar
- Wasn’t coordinated with clear leader
- By May 1906, they was all dead, hiding or in exile
- The army (most important) was on the Tsar’s side
- October manifesto divided opposition
- Pyotr Stolypin appointed as PM
14
Q
Who influenced the october manifesto?
What did it say?
What was the reactions?
A
- Sergei Witte
- Censorship loosened and more freedom of speech
- People have more rights for meetings
- Duma ( parliament) will be set up. No laws passed with out Duma
- Censorship loosened and more freedom of speech
- Liberals were satisfied; Kulaks wanted more; Social Revolutionaries, Bolsheviks and Mensheviks were critical as it didn’t give any more power to the peasants.
15
Q
- Who were the Council of Ministers?
- Who were the State Council?
- Who were the Duma?
A
- Most powerful, Tsar’s ministers only elected and answerable to him. Made laws
- Chosen by Tsar and Zemstva. Approved law made by council of ministers
- Voted by male public who approved laws created
16
Q
What were the fundamental laws? 1.When not in session 2.close 3.change 4.ministers 5.military What did they achieve?
A
- Tsar can rule independently when Duma not in session
- Right to dissolve Duma at any point
- Power to change electoral system
- Power to appoint ministers he wanted in the Council
- Sole commander of army and navy
He was now still supreme ruler
17
Q
- When were the 4 dumas?
- Why did the third last longer than the other two?
- Why did the last one stop?
A
1. May 1906- July 1906
February 1907 - July 1907
1907-1912
2. Because they knew that that had to adhere to Tsars policy else they will be punished
3. Because of WW1
18
Q
what was stolypin’s’ aim?
A
to reform agriculture to create a prosperous peasantry (kulaks) that would act as a barrier (bulwark) against revolution
19
Q
what were some of stolypin’s successes? kulaks industry trade unions education
A
- kulaks prospered, bought larger efficient farms, production increased
- kulaks became loyal to the tsar
- heavy industry increased considerably. by ww1, Russia was 4th in production of steel, coal , iron
- workers joined trade unions and were protected against accidents and illness
- attempts for basic education
20
Q
what were some of stolypins failures? stolypin’s necktie tsar trust lena goldfields
A
- he was harsh on revolutionaries and protesters . 20,000 exiled and 1000 hanged
- tsar didn’t trust him - going against traditional values and trying to change russia
- people didn’t trust him - assassinated in 1911
- Lena Goldfield’s massacre shooting. strike at the goldfields on the lena river 200-300 died
21
Q
By 1914. what were some of Russia’s successes? (5)
A
Stolypin’s reforms resistance was limited zvemstva helped control russia political parties are allowed duma and october manifesto
22
Q
By 1914. what were some of Russia’s failures? (6)
A
Duma had limited power
60% illiteracy rate
1905-1911 2828 assassinations
lena goldfields massacre
wave of strikes in 1913, by 1914, more strikes than 1905
bolsheviks stirring up trouble on trade unions
23
Q
Who’s ally was Russia?
Who did Russia first declare war on?
A
Serbia (attacked by Austria-Hungary)
Austria-Hungary
24
Q
What are the five key points in Russia’s involvement in WW1?
A
> Failed invasion of German east prussia. Defeat of forces at Tannenberg.(F)
Almost all of Galacia in Russian hands by the end of 1914. Destroyed the city of Przemsl. (S)
Russia forced into strategic retreat after halted after crossing Carpathians. Technical difficulties such as lack of ammunition and artillery. Tsar took over as commander (F)
Brusilov Offensive in June. 100,000s prisoners taken (S)
Strain of war effort caused food shortages causing civil unrest
25
How did WW1 weaken the Aristocracies trust in the Tsar?
| What’s was their opinion before?
* Before they were content with the Tsar as they were well off and lived lavishly compared to the peasants
* Lack of labour due to conscription
* Junior officers, many of whom were future aristocrats, were killed
* People didn’t trust the Tsarina when she was left in power
26
How did WW1 weaken the peasants’ trust in the Tsar?
| What were their feelings before?
* Famine, starvation and poor hygiene were common so there was already huge discontent.
* 9.15 million casualties
* The government didn’t pay for food or give widows and orphans in the countryside the state war pensions
27
How did WW1 weaken the Workers trust in the Tsar?
| What were their feelings before?
* Lots of discontent.
* Although the war contracts created around 3.5 million job, the workers received poor wages.
* Major food and fuel shortages due to lack of transport- The rail network couldn’t cope with the needs of the Army, industry, and city population
28
How did WW1 weaken the trust of the middle class and army towards the Tsar?
* The middle class had to create organisations that provided supplies to the front which was supposed to be the government/Tsar’s role
* Russia suffered humiliating defeats. When the Tsar decided to take control of the army in September 1915 (he was not encouraged to do so) the blame was now placed on the Tsar so many of the soldiers stopped supporting the Tsar.
29
How did Rasputin weaken the Tsar’s credibility? (4)
- He was famous for his petty theft, drunkenness, promiscuity and antisocial behaviour
- Their was a rumour that he was the Tsarina’s lover
- It was his decision to send the Tsar as in control of the army and leave German Tsarina in charge of Russia.
- Many felt he had too much control- accompanied royal family on important appointments and decisions.
30
Why did the Tsar abdicate in March 1917?
1. Army
2. conscriptions
3. organisation
4. tactics
5. Who hated the war?
6. gone
7. control
8. spies
- Russian army lacked munitions
- Peasant conscriptions were poorly trained
- Poor organisation
- Military leadership was poor (used out of date maps and tactics predating machine guns)
- Peasants hated the war
- Mass desertion and 2 million casualties by 1915
- Tsar took personal control of the army
- Suspicions whether Tsarina and Rasputin were spies
31
What else caused the February 1917 revolution?
– 15 million men joined the army so there wasn’t enough workers to keep factories and farms going
– This caused shortages of food and materials
32
Why was the railway system very poor?
> could not supply the troops
> could not supply the towns
> food prices rose
33
Why was St. Petersburg changed to Petrograd?
ORDER OF ABDICATION
1. When did — steelworkers go on strike?
2. What happened on International Women’s day?
3. What happened on Feb 25?
4. How many were killed when — ordered to open fire on (date)?
5. What did the Tsar do on Feb 26th?
6. On Feb 27th what did the soldiers do and with whom?
7. When did the Tsar try to return to Petrograd?
8. When did the Tsar lose support of the army? What happened?
9. When did the Tsar abdicate?
10. Who refused the throne on March 3rd?
To sound less Germanic
1. Feb 22, 20000 steelworkers
2. Feb 23, women joined the strikes
3. Over half of Petrograd on strike
4. 40 killed when Tsar ordered troops to fire on Feb 26.
5. Tsar closed the Duma.
6. Soldiers mutinied and established ‘Petrograd Soviet’ with workers and sailors
7. February 28th
8. His train was diverted on March 1st
9. March 2nd
10. Tsar’s brother, Grand duke Michael
34
1. Who formed the Provisional Government?
2. What was the purpose of the PG?
3. Who were the Petrograd Soviet?
4. What was the outcome of power?
1. Members of the Duma
2. Run the country till elections to choose a government (temporary)
3. Council of 2500 deputies of workers and soldiers
4. A dual power arrangement occurred.
35
Who was…
1. Alexander Kerensky?
2. Prince Lvov ( Georgy Yevgenyevich)
3. Lavr Georgiyevich Kornilov
1. Russian lawyer, politician and statesman. Key political figure between March 1917 and October 1917 where he was justice minister and later Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government
2. Was a Russian social reformer and statesman who was the first head of the Russian provisional government established during the February revolution
3. Was an imperial Russian general accused of attempting to overthrow the provisional government established in Russia after the February revolution of 1917 and replace it with a military dictatorship
36
What were the three important decisions the PG had to make and what did it do instead?
The important decisions were:
1. Continue war or make peace
2. To distribute land to the peasants (who had already started taking it) or wait until after the election.
3. to get food to starving workers
What did the PG do?
1. Agreed to stay in the war. Kerensky rallied the army for a huge offensive which failed, and the army began to fall apart.
2. Asked to wait until elections were over, but peasants ignored them
3. Were unable to find a solution so people continued to starve.
37
What achievements did the PG make?
1. Day
2. meetings
3. parties
4. prisoners
But what negative effect did these positive changes have?
1. 8 hour working day
2. People could hold public meetings
3. Political parties could form
4. Political prisoners have been released
giving people these freedoms meant they could criticise provisional government
38
More problems that led to the steady collapse of the PG.
1. War Effort
2. Land
3. The July days
1. Soldiers had been deserting in thousands from the army. Kerensky rallied the army for a great offensive in June which was a disaster. The deserters decided to come home.
2. The peasants ignored the orders of the government to wait and started taking parts of the countryside. The soldiers who were mostly peasants did not want miss out when land was shared out so many more deserted
3. The Bolsheviks led series of protests against the war that became a rebellion. However when Kerensky produced evidence that the Germans helped Lenin revolution lost support and Lenin escaped to Finland.
39
Kornilov’s coup
In September 1917, Kornilov marched his troops towards Petrograd, wanting to get rid of the PG and Bolsheviks. He had a large army so Kerensky had no choice but to turn to the Bolsheviks for help. He supplied them with weapons and they called themselves the red guards. Kornilov’s soldiers refused to fight against members of the Soviet so his plan failed.
40
When Lenin arrived at ________ station in _________ he set out the __________ program in his A____ T_______
What were Lenin’s slogans?
What were ultimately the two main reasons there were Bolshevik majorities in Petrograd and Moscow Soviet by the end of September 1917?
When Lenin arrived at the Finland station in Petrograd, he set out the Bolshevik program in his April thesis.
“Bread, Peace and Land”
“All power to the Soviets”
They were promised bread, peace and land.
They removed the threat of Kornilov.
41
1. What position did Trotsky get in September?
2. Why was the MRC established?
3. What were Trotsky’s main pros?
4. What was the Red Guards?
1. Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet and the head of Military Revolutionary Committee.
2. To protect Petrograd and allow socialists to infiltrate the army.
3. He was very organised and had a good improvisational skills
4. is a Bolshevik militia formed from armed factory workers, soldiers and sailors
42
1. During the night of the —th of ————, the (colour) Guards took control of what?
2. On what date did Kerensky awake to find the Bolsheviks in control of most of Petrograd?
3. What did the red guards do on the 7th of November?
4. What did Kerensky try to do to combat this?
5. On the —th of November, what was the message to the people?
1. 6th November, Red Guards Took control of post offices, bridges and the state bank.
2. 7th November
3. continued to take over railway stations and other important targets
4. tried to rally local troops but when this failed, he went into exile
5. 8th November- proposal of democratic peace
43
Why were the Bolsheviks able to take power even though they were not the majority of the population?
> The unpopularity of the provisional government ( didn’t solve any problems)
> The Bolsheviks were a disciplined party dedicated to revolution. They had around 800,000 members who were in the right places including the army, sailors and major industrial centres such as Petrograd
> The Bolsheviks had good leadership and personalities. Lenin was educated and knew what the people wanted and Trotsky was highly intellectual and a great organiser.
44
```
•What was the Sovnarkom?
•Why did Lenin establish the Sovnarkom?
•What were the contents of the 1st on the 8th of November?
1. Land
2. Press
3. Peace
4.Freedom
5. Factories
```
* Council of peoples commissars
* To satisfy the people who didn’t support the Bolsheviks
1. land was taken from the church and noble landowners and given to peasants
2. all non-Bolshevik papers were banned
3. Trotsky was sent to negotiate with Germany
4. bolsheviks secret police (cheka)
5. factories were released from private ownership and given to the workers
45
1. When were the constituent assembly elections held?
2. Who got the biggest number of votes?
3. What did Lenin do?
4. What did Lenin use to pass the rest of his laws?
1. late 1917
2. The socialist revolutionaries(overx2)
3. He sent the red guards to close the assembly 
4. used the Congress of Soviets
46
1. What were the decrees on 8th Nov?
2. What was working day limited to on 12 th Nov?
3. On what date could workers be insured against ————-
4. What was banned on 1st Dec?
5. What was banned on 11th Dec?
6. When was the Cheka set up?
7. on 27th Dec, whose control was factories and banks put under?
8. What changed on 31st Dec?
1. Land belonging to the Tsar nobles and church were handed over to the peasants.
Russia asked for peace with Germany
2. 8hr day; 48hr wk; overtime; holiday
3. 14th Nov (accidents and illness)
4. all non-Bolshevik newspapers
5. cadets ( constitutional democrats)
6. 20th December
7. Factories= workers’ committees and banks= bolshevik government control
8. Marriages could be without church or priest and divorce made easier
47
1. Who was in charge of signing treaty of Brest-Litvosk?
2. When was it signed?
3. What did Russia lose?
- population
- industry
- agricultural land
- railways
- coal mines
- gold Roubles
4. what did the treaty of Brest-Litvosk show?
5. Why was the treaty cancelled in November 1918?
1. Trotsky
2. March 1918
3. -34% of the population
-54% industry
-32% agricultural land
-26% railways
-89% coal mines
-300 million gold roubles
4. Lenin’s single minded leadership and how he would do anything to make sure his revolution is perfect
5. Germany surrendered to the allies

48
1. What did the Cheka do to ensure loyalty during the civil war?
2. which demographic was targeted and how many people were murdered by the Cheka?
3. When did Lenin turn the red guards into the red Army?
4. How many members were there in 1920 compared to 1918?
1. They beat and hung people and took their families hostage.
2. middle and upper class. 750,000
3. January 1918
4. 1918= 600000 members but 1920= 5.5 million members 
49
Why did the Russian Civil War break out in 1918?
(whites)
(eastern russia)
(foreign intervention)
A unlikely collection of anti-Bolsheviks groups united to crush the Bolsheviks.
Many of eastern Russia was more sympathetic towards the socialist revolutionaries
The USA Japan France and Britain were sent to force Russia to fight the war against Germany
50
Who made up the Whites?
* Socialist Revolutionaries
* Mensheviks
* Supporters of the Tsar
* Landlords and capitalists who lost land or money in the revolution
* Former war prisoners
Also supported by foreign intervention
51
What was the start of the Civil War?
In March 1918, the Czech Legion seized a large portion of the Trans-Siberian railway.
Soon three separate white armies were marching on Bolshevik control western Russia.
General Yudenich it and Denikin marched towards Petrograd and Moscow, while Admiral Kolchak marched on Moscow from central southern Russia.
52
Why did the Bolsheviks win the civil war?
- Effective Red leadership
- Weak white leadership
- Geography and resources
- impact on foreign intervention
53
How did the leadership of the Reds help the Bolsheviks win the civil war?7
=> The red Army was created quickly out of the red guards
=> Political commissars were drafted into army units to spread socialism maintain loyalty to Bolsheviks
=> conscription was established, hundreds of thousands of peasants were drafted into the army
=> Tough system of discipline and reward. Officers found guilty of cowardice/treachery were executed but men who showed initiative and courage were rewarded / promoted.
=> The Cheka tortured anyone suspected of hostility towards the Bolsheviks
=> Spread the fear that foreigners would consume Russia
=> Propaganda to encourage the soldiers and tell the public that the Soviets were in charge of Russia
54
How did weak white leadership help the Bolsheviks win the Civil War?
=> They were in competition with each other as well as with the Bolsheviks. They all had different aims.
=> They were so far apart that they were unable to coordinate attacks and weren’t united.
=> The whites became hated and feared by the peasants who is crops and livestock were taken and faced torture and execution.
=> There was little morale as soldiers
were fighting for someone else not for their own cause.
55
How did the impact of foreign countries help the Bolsheviks win the Civil War?
=> WW1 had ended so they didn’t need Russia to fight in the war and the fear of communism or the desire to protect Russian autocracy wasn’t strong enough.
=> The Reds used the idea of foreign support for the white armies as propaganda they claim the white generals were attempting to defeat the Bolsheviks in order to hand Russia over to foreigners
56
How did geography and resources help the Bolsheviks win the Civil War?
=> Most of Russia’s railways were in Bolshevik controlled areas which made communication and supplying troops and supplies easier.
=> Bolshevik controlled cities= larger population, good for recruitment and more industry and raw materials.
=> Russia was too big to move forces and supplies

57
1. What was war communism?
| 2. What were the 2 aims of war communism?
1. The harsh economic policy adopted by Lenin during the Civil War.
2.
- practise the Communist theories by sharing out wealth among the Russian people
- help the civil war by keeping towns and armies supplied with food and weapons
58
What did War Communism include?
```
#All large factories taken over by gov
#Production planned and organised by gov
#strict discipline for workers and strikers shot
#Peasants forced to hand surplus food to government. Shot if refused
#Food was rationed
#Free enterprise became illegal. All trade controlled by state
#Money became worthless. Food became wages
```
59
What were the consequences of war communism?
| How many people died?
- Peasants refused to make more food than needed as the government just took it away leading to food shortages
- This combined with bad weather led to famine in 1920-1921.
- Around 7million people died and there were even cannibalism reports.
60
Where was Kronstadt?
What was the Kronstadt Mutiny?
How did Trotsky deal with it?
Why did this startle Lenin?
1. Important naval base on an Island in the Gulf of Finland, housing the Russian Baltic Fleet and guarding approach to Petrograd.
2. Sailors listed 15 demands for the Bolsheviks
3. Sent 60,000 troops to put down the uprising
4. The Kronstadt sailors were some of his most loyal supporters
61
1. When did Lenin announce the NEP?
2. What were the policies of the NEP?
3. What were successes of the NEP?
—goods
—ownership
—profit
—government control
—peace
4. NEP was permanent/temporary
5. What was the reactions to the NEP?
6.How long was the NEP for?
1. March 1921
2. brought back some elements of capitalism. Peasants sold surplus grain for profit and would pay tax as % on what they produced rather than giving some of it to the government.
3. — Goods appeared for sale
— Small factories/businesses set up and owned privately
— Peasants allowed to sell grain for profit which led to wealthy Kulaks
— Gov in control of largest industries
—Stabilised country; brought peace; ended requisitioning squads
4. temporary
5. Some Bolsheviks saw this a betrayal of communism but Lenin won
6. 1921 to 1925

62
1. How did Lenin die?
| 2. When did Lenin die?
1. he suffered several strokes between 1922 to 1923 which left him paralysed
2. this led to his death in January 1924
63
Who were the five contestants to succeed Lenin?
Nikolia Bukharin 
Gregory Zinoviev
Lev Kamenev
Leon Trotsky
Joseph Stalin
64
What were Bukharin’s strengths?
What were his weaknesses?
STRENGTHS:
> outstanding theorist
> popular with Lenin
> responsible for propaganda
WEAKNESS:
> middle class
> didn’t play a big role in the seizure of power
65
What were Zinoviev’s strengths?
What were his weaknesses?
STRENGTHS:
> good orator
> chairman
WEAKNESS:
> not a popular or intellectual
> voted against forcible seizure of power
> jewish
66
What were Kamenev’s strengths?
What were his weaknesses?
STRENGTHS:
> cleverer than Stalin and Zinoviev
> long term member of the Bolsheviks
WEAKNESSES:
> jewish
> voted against forcible seizure of power
67
What were Trotsky’s strengths?
What were his weaknesses?
STRENGTHS:
> very intelligent
> brilliant speaker
> organised and contributed A LOT
WEAKNESSES:
> jewish
> arrogant
> upper-class
68
What were Stalin’s strengths?
What were his weaknesses?
STRENGTHS:
> had been editor of the Pravda
> loyal supporter of Lenin
WEAKNESS:
> ruthless
> uneducated and wasn’t serious
69
```
How did Stalin win against Trotsky?
Trotsky’s weaknesses
😏
🧠
🤒
🤥
👯👯 🧍+✡️
🌏
```
- arrogant and thought leadership was his so didn’t take his opposition seriously. causing him to become unpopular with other members
- underestimated Stalin‘s intelligence Trotsky was intelligent + preferred debates but Stalin did secret alliances
- fell ill with malaria in 1923, the year he was meant to be most active
- Got told wrong information about Lenin‘s funeral so Trotsky didn’t attend which was bad image
- was an outsider as was Jewish ; and Menshevik from 1903 to 1917
- wanted world revolution to spread communism throughout the world. Russians only wanted it established in Soviet Russia so they will avoid war after civil war.
70
```
How did Stalin win against Trotsky?
Stalin’s Strengths
⚰️
🧍🧍🧍♂️
🥇
👨💼❌
🕴🚶♂️🧍🧍
🚂
🚶♂️🕴
```
- Stalin attended Lennon‘s funeral as chief mourner so it seemed like him and Lenin were close
- Formed triumvirate w/ Kamenev and Zinoviev, dominating the Politburo
- Triumvirate rose in importance; managed the most important posts in the party; sidelined Trotsky+Bukharin. Stalin packed Congress w/ supporters
- Trotsky was sacked as war Camissa in 1925, he didn’t have control over army
- Stalin turned against Zinoviev and Kamenev and allied with Bukharin.
- Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev expelled from party in 1927. Trotsky exiled to Siberia.
- by 1928 Stalin was strong enough to turn against Bukharin. In 1929 Bukharin was forced to resign. In 1938 he was executed
71
What is a Politbüro?
What was the Sovnarkom?
What does USSR stand for?
Why did Lenin’s wife (Krupskaya) hate Stalin?
What did Stalin do to establish the cult of Leninism?
What were 2 of his mental problems?
- Group to provide leadership (original seven members)
- Council of People’s commissars (implemented policy)
- United Socialist Soviet Republics
* He used Lenin‘s memory to get power. she wanted a simple funeral while Stalin saw it as an opportunity
* He studied Lenin’s speeches of by heart and twisted the words to discredit others
* He was a megalomaniac (obsessive desire for power) and paranoid (unjustified suspicion and mistrust)
72
1. What was the only legal political party under Stalin?
2. Who was Stalin’s secret police?
3. What were the purges?
4. Why did the purges start?
5. What were people accused of?
6. How were they dealt with?
7. What were the show trials?
8. Who were targeted in show trials?
9. What was an effect of the show trials?
10. What was Trotsky’s fate?
11. When did the purges start?
1. Communist party
2. NKVD
3. Stalin‘s way of removing undesirable groups of people (his opponents) from an organisation or place (party members) in an abrupt or violent way (through labour camps and murder). Sole dictator.
4. Kirov, an influential member, was assassinated and Stalin wanted to make sure that there were no traitors.
5. traitors of Bolshevism and Stalin
6. sent to Gulag or shot/executed
7. Trials broadcasted over radio
8. First leading members of party such as Kamenev and Zinoviev, then others like Bukharin, Rykov and Yagoda. 500,000 party members targeted.
9. Broadcasting over the radio meant people would be scared and believe other party members were traitors.
10. murdered in Mexico in 1940
11. 1934
73
1. When was the Great Terror?
2. Who did Stalin first turn his attention to?
3. Who else was targeted in the Great Terror?
4. This led to an increase of _______
5. What would happen to the victims in the Great Terror?
6. By 1937 how many people were in labour camps and how many people died?
7. What were two impacts of the great terror?
1.1936-1938 but peaked in 1937
2. army mostly officers (25,000)rmovd
3. University lecturers and teachers, miners and engineers, factory manager and ordinary workers
4. suspicion
5. They would be arrested in the middle of the night and rarely told what they’re accused of. Days of physical and psychological torture would break them and they would confess to anything. The families would also be threatened. They would be sent to labour camps or killed.
6. 18 million in camps 10 million dead
7. There was a lack of officers and other army members because Stalin had purged them all.
People lived in terror and distrust for the government and each other.
74
```
How did Stalin use propaganda and censorship to establish control?
🤳
🙏
📚🏋️
🎼🎭🎨
📖
```
- Portraits, photographs and statues of Stalin were appeared everywhere. Large building projects undertaken including the Palace of the Soviets and the Moscow Metro. Regular processions and cities praising Stalin.
- Religious worship was banned. By 1939 only one in 40 churches held services and only seven bishops were active. Monasteries and mosques were also demolished.
- Around 70,000 libraries were built in many towns gained excellent sports and leisure facilities.
- All music and other arts were carefully monitored by the NKVD. Poet and playwright sprays Stalin directly or indirectly. Composers wrote music praising him. This style of art was known as socialist realism.
- Education was geared to socialist propaganda. Children were not encouraged independent thinking but rather encouraged to think like Stalin.
75
1. How did the Russian people feel about Stalin?
2. Stalin and his style of government were ________
3. How did Stalin Institute the cult of personality?
1. They admired him
2. popular
3. The history of the Soviet Union was rewritten only Lenin and Stalin with a real heroes. The Soviet education system was geared to socialist propaganda. Schoolchildren also were expected to join the Young Pioneers.
76
1. What were the conditions of the gulags?
2. what did the prisoners do?
3. What was one motive for the purges?
1. Hard physical labour in extremely cold conditions in remote inaccessible regions.
2. Produced gold, timber and other resources from the mines. Built roads railways and projects like the Belomor canal.
3. To find labourers for the camp to improve industrialisation.
77
Why did the USSR need to modernise?
• To increase the USSR‘s military strength.
(World War I showed that a country could only fight a modern war if it had modern equipment)
• To rival the economies of the USA and another capitalist countries
(he wanted the USSR to be self-sufficient so that people could value Communist rule and nothing needed to be imported)
* To increase food supplies (Selling more grain abroad to buy industrial equipment meaning less peasants had to produce more food and farming had to be reorganised)
* To create a Communist society (Theory said that most of the population had to be workers if communism was going to work. In 1928, only 1in5 Russians were industrial workers)
* To establish his reputation (Stalin wanted to prove himself as a great leader by bringing great changes, even greater than Lenin)
78
```
Why did Stalin introduce collectivisation?
🧑🌾
🆕
🏭
🌾
💸
```
1. Soviet agriculture was backward.
2. Food needed for workers in town if the 5-year plans were to succeed
3. The NEP wasn’t working. USSR was 20 million tons of grain short by 1928
4. Cash crops were needed to be exported to raise money to buy foreign machinery and expertise
5. Kulaks opposed communism as they like their private wealth. Were influential and led peasants so they needed to be destroyed
79
What was the idea of collectivisation?
The creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual land holdings where all the peasants would work on to provide for the entire state.
80
What were the impacts of collectivisation?
- Riots and armed resistance. Troops were brought in.
- Peasants burned crops tools and houses rather than handing them over to the state they especially slaughtered animals 18 mil horses and 100 million sheep
- 1932-1933 man made famine
81
Why were the 5 year plans implemented?
Stalin believed that the Soviet Union had to build up its industry so it could defend itself from attack by countries in the west.
Stalin wanted to modernise factories in the Soviet Union to increase the amount of goods produced.
Stalin wanted the Soviet Union to be a modern industrial country like the U.S.A., Germany and Britain.
82
What was the structure of the 5 year plans?
```
GOSPLAN set targets for industry
v
Each region was told its targets
v
The region set targets for each factory
v
Manager set tasks for each foreman
v
They set targets for shifts and workers
```
83
1. How how long did the first five-year plan last?
2. What were the key aims of the first five-year plan?
3. What were the key achievements of the first five-year plan?
4. What was the overall judgement for the first five-year plan?
1. 1928-1932
2. Major industries such as steel coal iron and oil.
3. •Huge new steel grills appeared in places like Magnitogorsk
•new dams and hydroelectric power
•production increased x1.5 for steel x2 for iron, oil and coal and almost x3 for electricity
4. Targets were not met but overall progress was staggering
84
1. How how long did the second five-year plan last?
2. What were the key aims of the second five-year plan?
3. What were the key achievements of the second five-year plan?
4. What was the overall judgement for the second five-year plan?
1. 1933-1937
2. Heavy industry was still a priority, but mining for other materials was also a big priority, like lead, tin, zinc, and other materials
3. •Siberia‘s rich mineral resources were exploited
•transport and communications-new railways and canals
•Moscow underground railway
4. Most targets were not met but was much closer. Steel pass production by 0.7 million tons, the oil reduced by 1/2
85
1. When what is the third five-year plan?
2. what were the priorities?
3. Why did the priorities change from luxury goods to weaponry?
1. 1938-interrupted due to WW2
2. luxury goods like radius for propaganda
3. World War II
86
```
How did modernisation affect…
Kulaks?
Industrial workers?
Women?
City dwellers?
```
Kulaks suffered badly. They were forcibly rounded up and sent to Gulags. Received bad treatment and purged; with crops and animals taken away
Factory discipline was strict and punishments were severe.
Lateness or absence > sacking > losing your flat or house.
You couldn’t change jobs.
Suspected opponents were sentence to hard labour. Accidents or mistakes were accused of sabotage.
Shortage of workers so more women were drafted. Loads of new daycares so women could work. By 1937 40% of workers were women.
Improved conditions. Non-existent employment. Free healthcare, increased education, good sports facilities and public libraries. Wages fell. Hard to find stuff in shops
87
1. When did The Soviet Union signed the Nazi-Soviet pact?
2. What were the clauses of the Nazi-Soviet pact?
3. What did the Soviet union occupy in 1940?
4. What happened in 22 June 1941 and what was it called?
5. How long was the German siege of Leningrad and how many citizens does it claim?
6. When was the Battle of Stalingrad and how many Russian casualties were there?
7. What city was taken in April 1945?
1. 1939
2. In the event Germany attacked Poland, the Soviet Union would not go to war against Germany and would also be allowed parts of Poland.
3. Lithuania Latvia and Estonia
4. Operation Barbarossa. 1200 Russian aircraft destroyed on the first day. Germany invades USSR and by the end of the year occupies Belarus, most of Ukraine and surrounding Leningrad. Although a Soviet counteroffensive saves Moscow, by June 1942 the Germans were close to Stalingrad.
5. 1941-1944 1million
6. 1942-1943 1million
7. Berlin
88
```
What actions did Stalin do that resulted in Soviet Victory?
🔥
😠
🎉
🎖
```
- He ordered a scorched earth policy.
Animals crops and factories were moved. This meant that postwar industrial output managed to recover quickly.
-Stalin was determined and refused to accept defeat. He did not allow retreats and increased patriotism
-The Bolshevik propaganda and cult of personality appealed to patriotism
-Stalin was responsible for the overall military strategies and patriotism
89
```
What were other reasons for Soviet victory?
📏
❄️
➗
🔫
🖲
```
- The further away from Germany, the more difficult it was to get supplies
- Russian weather slowed advances. Vehicle stopped working and men froze to death
- Hitler chose to focus on Stalingrad which divided his men.
- Marshal Zhukov led the defence in Stalingrad, Leningrad, and Moscow. He also began to lead the offensive.
- Development of Russian technology
90
What were the political problems caused by the Great Patriotic War?
The war involved even more control by Stalin and his government. All aspects of life were subject to control.
91
What were the economic and social problems caused by the Great Patriotic War?
Over 20 million Soviet citizens were killed
Huge areas of farmland were devastated including 100,000 collective farms
Nearly 2000 towns and cities, and 70,000 villages suffered major destruction
6 million houses were badly damaged or destroyed

