Elizabethan England Flashcards

Question

What were the 13 main businesses enacted by parliament? 1. What and when was restored at the beginning of her reign? 2. What was approved in 1563? 3. What was approved in 1566? 4. Who were laws passed against in 1571 and what was approved? 5. Why did MPs meet in 1572? 6. When did MPs agree to taxes even though…? 7. What were taxes approved for in 1581 and what laws were passed? 8.what laws were passed from 1584-1585? 9. Why did MPs grant taxes in 86-87? 10. What happened in 1589? 11. What happened in 1593? 12. What laws were passed in 97-98? 13. What about 1601?

Answer 1

1. Supremacy of Protestant church in 1559 2. Taxes to fund wars against France and Scotland. 3. Taxes agreed to pay for an army to France 4. Against pope and traitors. Taxes agreed to help defeat rebellion in the North. 5. To discuss the Queen safety after discovery of Catholic plot. 6. 15/76 though country was at peace. 7. Anti-Catholic laws passed, taxes approved to pay for army to Ireland 8. Laws against Catholic priests. 9. War against Spain. 10. Approved taxes to pay cost of defeating Spanish Armada. 11. Taxes granted for war against Spain and more anti-Catholic laws. 12. More taxes and laws passed regarding the poor 13. Texas agreed to pay for war against Spain and pay for army in Ireland.

Answer 2

They were better educated than in the past, with over half of them having university education. They were meant to have special privileges, allowing freedom of speech and freedom from arrest

Answer 3

Elizabeth’s marital status, trading monopolies and religious grievances Puritans

Answer 4

💁‍♀️PERSONALITY. She attended parliament when necessary and used speeches to charm and bully members 🎤She appointed speaker, who controlled what topics were discussed 🛑 She could block measures proposed by MPs with her royal veto. She could dissolve Parliament whenever she wanted

Answer 5

🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿England was damaged by war, plague, increased poverty and repeated harvest failures ☠️ Dudley in 1588, Walsingham in 1590, Hatton in 1591 and Cecil in 1598 When Dudley died she locked herself in her room for days and Cecil ordered the door to be broken down 😠She became angry, depressed, short tempered, losing popularity and gaining sharp criticism. She reigned too long and hindered reform

Answer 6

Robert Cecil (Lord Burghley’s son) and Robert Devereux (Dudley’s step son) were rivals in the Privy Council Cecil rose to power after being trained by his dad and Walsingham in spycraft Devereux grew jealous and angered the queen by marrying without her permission and insulting her when she refused to promote one of his supporters. She punched him. Devereux made peace with Tyrone against Her orders, when asked to stop Tyrone’s rebellion. She promoted Cecil He burst into her bedchamber before she was wigged and gowned. He was banned from Court and placed under house arrest and lost all his jobs and monopoly on sweet wines.

Answer 7

He gathered ~300 supporters. Rumours of treason and rebellion spread and Essex refused to appear in front of Elizabeth and the Privy council He held 4 members hostage when they came to question him and proceeded to March to London Center to capture the Queen

Answer 8

-Londoners we’re unimpressed and most supporters deserted him when offered a pardon -Essex’s route was blocked so he returned home, where his house was surrounded by guards so he had to surrender - he was executed at Tower of London on 25 February 1601 It showed that her powers were fading

Answer 9

They were weak and not suited intellectually or temperamentally. They didn’t have physical strength, assertiveness and decisiveness Queens were the wives of kings. Kind, religious and maternal

Answer 10

Isabella of Castile ruled Spain well and Marie de Guise ruled Scotland in place of her daughter. It let her charm and manipulate, avoid situations she disliked and decisions she didn’t want to make. Created cult of personality

Answer 11

The First Blast of the Monstrous Trumpet against Women Scottish Protestant John Knox wrote this attacking female rulers. Although about Bloody Mary and Marie de guise, the timing was bad- published in her ascension year. He could have been a religious ally, but was a threat

Answer 12

She was already 25 years old, which was old to still be unmarried, she had not married because of her awkward position during her father and sibling’s reign, she was the last of Henry VIII‘s children, so if she died without an heir, the Tudor Dynasty would die too.

Answer 13

PROS -foreign marriage would make a powerful alliance -Needs to provide an heir to carry on the Tudor line CONS -having a husband would limit her personal freedom (she would have to share power with her husband) -Most suitable candidates were catholic, but she was Protestant -A foreign marriage might make enemies of other countries who feel rejected -Mary’s marriage caused rebellion -Taking an English husband will unbalance the different groups at court and cause problems -her fathers marriages ended up badly

Answer 14

Prince Eric of Sweden -Not a serious choice -Sweden wasn’t important enough King Philip of Spain -Keen to regain King of England title -was Catholic but his family was traditional allies with England -Philip and Mary had been disastrous, providing no children, involving England, in costly foreign wars that led to the lost of Calais Charles of Austria -was unwilling to live in England

Answer 15

Earl of Arundel Sir William Pickering Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester (most serious, contender, childhood friends and many historians believed they loved each other romantically)

Answer 16

He was already married at the time and his wife Amy died in mysterious circumstances. Although her death was ruled accidental, there were suspicions that she had been murdered, so they could pursue a relationship, which meant a marriage between Dudley and Elizabeth would have been scandalous. He waited years for her, and then got married without her permission to her cousin, the countess of Essex.

Answer 17

Duke of Alençon, the king of France’s younger brother. Though he was 20 years, younger, a catholic, and severely deformed the two seemed fond of each other, and Elizabeth affectionately called him her frog. The privy council were divided Cecil was in favour, but Walsingham and Dudley were opposed. However, due to the Saint Bartholomews day massacre in 1572 when thousands of Protestants were murdered, the French were very unpopular in England and a marriage was out of the question.

Answer 18

She didn’t name an air claiming that it would be dangerous to name a second person. This is what she told after she contracted smallpox in October 1562. Most of the eligible contenders had died, and the obvious was Scottish king. James VI son of Mary Queen of Scots.

Answer 19

Renaissance was taking place all over Europe, originally in Italy. Humanism was a popular idea in Europe. The gentry became more important and had disposable income. Would they wanted to spend in order to impress others in and promotion. This meant artists, builders, musicians and writers did well as there was high demand.

Answer 20

The invention of the printing press meant ideas could be spread at greater speed and new grammar schools and university colleges were set up. The curriculum broadened in England became better educated. Literature flourished, through poetry, pros and drama and affordable stories called chapbooks were sold by Street pedlars.

Answer 21

MUSICIANS Orlando Gibbons Thomas Tallis William Byrd ARTIST Nicholas Hilliard MATHEMATICIANS / ASTROLOGERS John Dee John Napier (discovered logarithms) HISTORIANS William Camden Richard Hakluyt (Wrote based on sources) SCIENTISTS / DOCTORS Francis Bacon (experiments needed to test science) William Harvey (blood circulates around the body) William Gilbert (experimented with electricity)

Answer 22

• Tudor suspicion of nobility- tudors marginalised the nobles who they saw as a threat by granting few new titles, and excluding them from government they dominated the House of Commons and gained power through work as justices of the peace • Monasteries owned a quarter of all land in England, after the dissolution of the monasteries, more land was available to buy • increasing wealth-growth in trade and exploration together with population growth, rising prices and inclusion help with many gentry families to make fortune, used to establish estate, build grand houses and educate themselves

Answer 23

Laws that controlled the clothes people were allowed to wear, depending on their social rank, passed in 1574

Answer 24

• doublet. (long sleeve, silk/satin shirt with ruffles at the end) • woollen/silks stockings • trunk hose (padded out with horse hair to make bulges and cut into strips to give it two tone effect) • jerkin (colourful velvet jacket, decorated with embroidery fastened up at the front with buttons) • ruff • shoes • hat • cloak • Sword • Beard

Answer 25

-farthingale (petticoat with wooden hoops sewn into it) -Ruff -Undergown -Gown -Overgown -dyed hair with false hair piled on top -heavy white make up -Blackened teeth -shoes -a small hat

Answer 26

💰 although Elizabeth did not have the money to be a great builder herself, many of her subjects did. Many extravagant country houses were built that reflected the wealth and stability of the era 🌺 defensive features, such as moats and drawbridges were no longer prioritised and decorative gardens were planted 🧱 buildings were made from stone or brick and were designed to amaze or saw them in terms of scale and size 🪟 glass was extensively used in bedrooms placed upstairs for the first time. Expensive leaded glass in large mullioned windows. Houses often had a long gallery on an upper floor used for entertainment and display our collections. Well downstairs was divided into separate rooms which gave families more privacy.

Answer 27

🎭no theatres in the country ✝️All plays were bible stories and Saints lives 🏘️Performed in market Squares and inn yards 🕴️Groups of actors toured the country to reform, but they were thought to be a threat to law and order, and it was not a respectable profession (beggars) 👩‍⚖️Parliament passed a law in 1572, saying actors were to be punished as vagabonds and puritans also strongly disapproved of them, associating it with ancient Romans and thinking it was the work of the devil. ⚡️when a great earthquake struck the south-east of England, in 1580, many considered it to be a sign of gods anger against theatre

Answer 28

Actors should be licensed Government suspicion Encouraged actor companies to organise themselves and four years later the first purpose-built London theatre opened, “The Theatre”

Answer 29

The Curtain opened in 1577. The Rose in 1587. The Swan in 1596, and most famously The Globe in 1599.

Answer 30

They were located outside of city walls due to authorities opposition. The areas had bad reputation such as taverns, bearbaiting, rings, pickpockets and brothels . Though crime was common, performances were exciting and a visit to a theatre included refreshments and allowed people to socialise and meet prospective partners.

Answer 31

Earlier informal performance of plays in inn yards and market places, made up of a uncovered circular pit with surrounding covered galleries. Also similar to bearbaiting pits as unsuccessful theatres could then easily be converted.

Answer 32

💡 no artificial lighting, so plays were always staged in the afternoon with a 🏴flag above. The theatre signalling a performance that day and a 🎺 trumpeter signalling the start of the play. 🧍Women couldn’t perform so boys played female roles and a hectic area called the 🛖tiring house was behind the stage where actors would dress up and collect props .

Answer 33

Edward Alleyn, William Kempe, Thomas Pope, Richard Burbage. Burbage went on to become the owner of the globe and formed his own company of actors

Answer 34

Cheap entrance fees made them affordable to everyone. Wide cross section of society. Cheapest tickets (costing 1P) for the pit. Here the groundlings would stand in noisy and smelly conditions exposed to the weather, threw food at characters.

Answer 35

Ben Johnson, Thomas Kyd, Thomas Dekker, Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Main themes of Elizabethan times: Violence, romance, magic, the ancient world, exploration, and patriotism Little scenery, but each play use skilful characterisation, intelligent, dialogue, dramatic devices, music, varied, subplots, and even basic special effects, such as pigs bladder filled with blood for stabbing scenes and cannonballs rolled to generate thunderclaps and trapdoors

Answer 36

•1564, son of a shoemaker in Kent •Cambridge •Tamburlaine the Great and Doctor Faustus • a government spy • arrested and questioned by the privy council for an unrecorded reason • 1593, under mysterious circumstances, alleged to be stabbed to death in a drunken brawl • Shakespeare

Answer 37

• 1564, son of a glover from Stratford-upon-Avon • received grammar school education, but did not go to university • to be an actor joining lord chamberlain’s men • 37 (two a year) • lord chamberlain’s men • 1616 • Greatest English writer of all time, many of his lines became a part of everyday speech

Answer 38

Live immoral lives and plays were believed to be a cause for concern and government will worried that large crowds would act disorderly Propaganda and encouraging social stability. Entertainment was a source of distraction, making a rebellion less likely

Answer 39

Great chain of being - Emphasised hierarchy and orderliness and triumph of good over evil EXAMPLE Richard III presented Tudors in a very favourable light. Henry VII’s enemy, Richard III was presented as a hunchback evil monster, who brutally murdered his own nephews and many others

Answer 40

Most widely read book was John Foxe’s book of martyrs published in 1563. Foxe was Protestant and the powerful prose and dramatic drawings demonised Elizabeth’s predecessor Mary.

Answer 41

Edmund Spenser wrote an allegorical poem dedicated to Elizabeth called the Faerie Queene. Central mysterious figure, Gloriana symbolises power and glory and represent Elizabeth. The Queen gave him a pension of £50 a year. From 1970s on, carefully manufactured images were produced, a standard face pattern was reused for approved images.

Answer 42

Half. They were a illiterate, did not own their own land, and spent 80% of their income on food and drink. The north west

Answer 43

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦Dramatic population growth, rose by about 43% between 1550-1600, Placing huge pressure on resources, food and jobs which made inflation a huge problem. 🪙more silver in circulation due to Spanish exploration, Henry VIII made inflation worse by reducing the value of coinage in order to pay for wars against France and Scotland. Henry VIII also closed down monasteries that took in the poor. 🔪When wars were fought, taxes increased, and England was left with a large numbers of out of work, soldiers and sailors when wars were over. 🇳🇱cloth market in Antwerp, collapsed and they were trading bans on the Spanish ruled Netherlands, depriving, England of revenue for export markets 🌾Several disastrous harvests between 1594 and 1598 and outbreaks of plague and threat of famine 🐑land became enclosed so landowners turned to sheep farming, instead of grain farming, which required less labourers so more people were out of jobs, which was good for landowners, but not for workers 🤒1556 outbreak of the flu killed ~200000

Answer 44

Impotent / deserving poor- Too young, old, ill or disabled to help themselves, they should be helped. Idle/Undeserving poor- Referred to as sturdy beggars or vagabonds or vagrants. They were dishonest people who had the potential to help themselves but were lazy. They should be punished.

Answer 45

Anglers- held a long stick to steal people's washing at night Ruffler- looked like an army officer, but would actually rob you at gunpoint. Clapperdudgeons- Pretended to be badly wounded by making themselves bleed with arsenic and wrapping their arms and legs in bloody rags. Counterfeit Cranks- dressed in old, dirty clothes with soap in their mouth to foam and fake an epileptic fit. Abraham men- pretended to be mad & made strange wailing noises Baretop Trickster- Removed her top to lure men and then rob them.

Answer 46

1495-Beggars placed in the stocks for three days, whipped and sent to place of origin 1531- Licensed to beg issued. Unlicensed beggars fined. 1536- People asked to voluntarily give money at church 1547- All beggars whipped, branded with V on forehead and made a slave for 2 years.

Answer 47

She felt that it was an unimportant issue and that was not her and her government's responsibility. Gradually, the government passed more laws to reduce the problem like a full recoinage (planned in Mary's reign); Statute of Artificers (1563) placed a wage limit on skilled workers; and Act of Husbandry and Tillage (1598) slowed the trend of enclosure in rural jobs.

Answer 48

YORK >Large numbers of people moved from the countryside to the city to find work so it was very prosperous. >York Cooperation issued licenses in 1515, 16 yrs before other cities. They had to wear an identifying badge. >1528, a master beggar was appointed whose role was to check in on the other beggars. Beggars were expected to work or sent to a type of prison called the House of Correction or go back. NORWICH >Ran a survey- 80% of people in poverty. > Separated into the idle and deserving poor. Idle given work like sewing or knitting and deserving given food and support system. > Rich citizens taxed to take care of the poor. IPSWITCH >1569, Licensing system introduced and increased support for the poor. >First town to open hospitals specifically for the sick elderly who can't afford treatment. >Youth training scheme helped children learn trade to get out of poverty. >Had one of the first houses of correction Lord Burghley's almshouse-1597, opened in Stamford, Lincolnshire.

Answer 49

¬Poor rate (tax) had to be paid. People who refused were fined or imprisoned. Paid for parish officials, workhouses, or relief to the deserving poor. ¬Justices of Peace had to appoint four Overseers of the Poor in each Parish. They brought in new legislation, and helped with the youth training scheme ¬Almshouses provided for the old and ill to receive handouts of food, money and clothing. This was called outdoor relief. ¬Beggars had to be returned to their place of birth or put in the House of Correction. If they refused, they would be put in prison. Until 1834- significant because it worked for a long time

Answer 50

Europeans had little knowledge of the world and believed it to be flat with the Mediterranean in the middle v Great demand for spices, silks, cottons, perfume, incense from the East v Highly prized as they took a long time to come (2/3 years to reach Italian trading centers) v Muslim Ottoman empire was hostile towards Christian Europe and highly taxed passing goods. v Europe wanted to find an alternative route that was quicker and not under Ottoman control.

Answer 51

Renaissance encouraged discovery: the Earth was round, not flat The printing press meant more maps and geographical literature was more readily available than before. The astrolabe meant that a ship’s position could be plotted accurately and the magnetic compass was developed. Developments and ship design meant that smaller ships called caravels and carracks were used for exploration, and the invention of the rudder gave the crew more control when steering the ship. The triangular lateen sail (copied from the Arabs) meant ships could now sail in any direction.

Answer 52

To the East •1487, Portuguese, navigator, Bartholomew Diaz, sailed around the southern tip of Africa (cape of good hope.) his journey was crucial in proving that ships could sail around Africa without falling off. 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India, which opened up a new route that didn’t involve passing through the Ottoman Empire. To the west •1492, Columbus discovered New World. Had sailed westward across Atlantic Ocean sponsored by Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella to find route to India but reached the Caribbean. 1497, John Cabot sailed across the Atlantic, sponsored by Henry VIII, reaching Newfoundland in Canada. 1498, Amerigo Vespucci sailed across the Atlantic, and explored the eastern coast of South America. He decided it was a new continent, not the edges of Asia. 1519 to 1522 first circumnavigation of the globe, which was a Spanish funded expedition, led by Portuguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan

Answer 53

Before Elizabeth’s rain, Spain and Portugal dominated the European exploration, which made them rich and gave them large empires in north south and central America Elizabeth and the government wanted England to join in and expand English trade Catholic Spain was hostile to England and would not grant English sailors a license to trade with its colonies English responded with privateering. They were licensed by government to attack Spanish ships carrying precious cargo back to England. (technically pirates but were founded by Rich Elizabethans, including Elizabeth herself, who took a share of the profits )

Answer 54

~ wanted to promote England ~ jealous of Spanish and Portuguese ~ was a crisis in England’s traditional markets (Antwerp cloth market) •Muscovy Company (1555) after a voyage, led by English sailors Willoughby and Chancellor, reached Archangel in Russia. Traded furs and timbers with Russia • Eastland company (1579), traded timber tar canvas and rope with Scandinavia and the Baltic. •Levent Company (1581), trading goods in Mediterranean like currents and dyes •East India Company (1600) traded silks, spices, cottons and teas.

Answer 55

1.1540-1596 2. Puritan.HatedCatholics.AntiSpanish 3.1566 4.a)First Englishman to sail around the world b) launched successful attacks on Spanish, making profit from gold, silver and jewels c) claimed new lands for England and made valuable trading contacts with the spice islands d) knighted by Elizabeth and made admiral

Answer 56

1. 1532-1592 2. Navigator and trader of slaves. Sir Francis Drake’s cousin 3. Made 3 voyages, capturing Africans and selling them to Spanish settlers. 4.ships for the navy 5. New type of fighting galleon- faster, lighter and better for harsh weather than Spanish ships 6. Was appointed as vice admiral and led England to victory.

Answer 57

1. 1552-1618 2. Famous sailor, courtier, explorer 3. Organised two expeditions to establish colonies. One came home after a year and the second got lost. 4. Wasn’t part of the armada campaign, part of later, ongoing attacks against the Spanish in the 1950s, and contributed to intellectual culture by writing poems.

Answer 58

In the 1560s, John Hawkins made three voyages to the Caribbean, trading slaves that he had captured in west Africa. On his last trip he was attacked by the Spanish. • Francis Drake accompanied Hawkins on his final voyage. He was driven by patriotism and an anti-Catholic desire to seek revenge for the attack on Hawkins. • Drake attacked Spanish treasure ships travelling from Mexico and Peru. He also attacked the Spanish port of Nombre del Dios in Panama. • He attacked Spanish ships on his way and returned with treasure worth £200 million in today's money. He was knighted by the Queen on the deck of his flagship, The Golden Hind. •Drake became vice-admiral of the navy and later played a key role in the defeat of the Spanish Armada. • John Hawkins designed improved ships for the navy based on his experience of fighting the Spanish.

Answer 59

They hoped an American colony will provide wine, oil, sugar and flax, and they thought poor people from England could go live there to reduce poverty in England. Spain and Portugal had successful colonies in America and England wanted something similar. Elizabeth granted him a patent to set up a colony. He claimed an area of North America, and named Virginia to honour the virgin Queen, but never visited America himself. Both attempts failed. In 1595, he led another unsuccessful expedition to search for the ‘city of Gold’ named El Dorado in South America , he failed. people learnt from his mistakes and four years after Elizabeth death, the first successful Elizabeth colony, Jamestown, was set up.

Answer 60

🚢 strengthened Britain’s (naval) reputation 🌎 encouraged, expedition 👥 encourage settlement of colonies 💔 damaged Anglo Spanish relations 🚫 supported Elizabeth’s rejection of Spanish claims to the Americas 💰 riches brought to England

Answer 61

❤️‍🩹 heal divisions between Catholics and Protestants before they led to unrest and civil war. 👸 to maximise her personal power and wealth, by taking as much control over the church as she could

Answer 62

ACT OF SUPREMACY- Reestablished that the Church of England was independent, not ruled by Pope. Made is Elizabeth supreme governor of CofE not head to appease Catholics, who regarded the pope as the head. All clergy swore an oath of loyalty, but there was a hierarchy to appease Catholics those who refused paid a fine and a new book of common, new prayers and new masses emerged . ACT OF UNIFORMITY • attendance at Anglican services made compulsory • bible and services should be in English • clergy could marry • Catholic practices like pilgrimages and saints days banned •Alters replaced with communion tables •Candles, clothes investments were allowed

Answer 63

1. 1563 2. Summary of belief of CofE 3.To avoid controversy in opinions 4. Disagreed. Many traditions banned. 5. Agreed with it Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, which meant Catholics no longer had to be loyal to the Queen and were directly ordered to disobey or be excommunicated themselves

Answer 64

1. 1571 2. Anyone who denied Elizabeth supremacy or brought the popes bill of excommunication into England was put to death, and anyone who left the country for more than six months, had the land confiscated. 3. Increased threat of Catholic plots and assassination attempts and to prevent the training of Catholics abroad. 4. Some Catholics denied and died, but others reluctantly agreed

Answer 65

1. 1572 2. Thousands of French Protestants were killed in a mob violence That was brought about by the catholic government 3. The English hated the Catholics so Elizabeth couldn't be in favor of them for fear of revolution.

Answer 66

A religious group dedicated to serving the Pope. Their priests has vigorous training and were sent to England as educators to gain influence over rich and powerful families and to turn them against the Queen and the Anglican church. They also smuggled other priests into the country

Answer 67

-First and famous= Edmund Campion -Brave and charismatic -1580-went to Lancashire where Catholicism was the strongest and then to London, holding services in the homes of important Christian families. -Wore disguises and used 'safe houses' to avoid arrest. -Anne Vaux and sister Eleanor Brooksby (wealthy) rented houses across the country for priests to use. -Nicholas Owen (Catholic carpenter) created priest holes (concealed spaces for priests to hide and illegal mass to be celebrated.)

Answer 68

>1584. The Act against Jesuits and Seminary priests. All priests were forced to leave England within 40 days or die. >Officials (persuivants) raided safe houses. >Campion chose to die than to become Protestant. >Recusants had to pay a fine and Catholic items such as Rosary beads were banned. >Fine increased to £20. Converting to Catholicism became high treason.(1581) >Any ordination after 1559 was a traitor who faced death. (1585) >1593, large gatherings of Catholics banned and they could not travel more than 5 miles away from home. >After the defeat of the Spanish Armada, people disliked the Catholics.

Answer 69

Extreme protestants who hated Catholic ideas and worship styles, preferred plain services with no music Believed Catholic church was corrupt and based on superstition, not the Bible. They didn't like bishops and vestments, which they said was similar to Catholics. Many important people were sympathetic towards them. Thomas Cartwright wrote a series of lectures that did not include Elizabeth as supreme governor, and prophesying could spread extreme ideas

Answer 70

★Didn't wear vestments. ★Debated the Bible and said sermon's that didn't follow Elizabeth's instruction. ★The Puritan Manifesto (1572)(John Field, Thomas Wilcox) demanded to restore the purity of New Testament worship and get rid of the Catholic elements. ★Puritan ideas discussed in Parliament. ★Peter Wentworth imprisoned for challenging right to discuss any subject. ★Edmund Grindal (Archbishop of Canterbury) refused to stop prophesyings. ★John Stubbs wrote puritan pamphlet criticizing the settlement. ★The Tracts (puritan propaganda) criticized the settlement.

Answer 71

★Archbishop ensure vestments worn (37 clergy dismissed for refusing) ★Grindal under house arrest and replaced by John Whitgift (strong Anglican) ★Authors of Puritan propaganda imprisoned or forced to flee. ★1576, religious matters banned from parliament discussion ★Wentworth- Tower of London ★ Rejected Puritan bills ★1593 Act Against Seditious Sectaries executed separationists. ★ Stubbs’ right hand was cut off.

Answer 72

Elizabeth’s cousin. Spent most of her time in France due to instability in Scotland. Catholic, beautiful and accomplished. Was widowed and had a son, James I. She was French and Catholic, not Scottish and Protestant. She married Lord Darnley, who was murdered. She then married the chief suspect of the murder, Earl of Bothwell. Civil war broke out and Mary’s life was at risk. She arrived in Cumberland, May 1568. She was quickly moved to Carlisle Castle and Bolton castle and then Sheffield manor lodge.

Answer 73

1. 1569 2. The Catholic earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland were unhappy with the religious settlement. 3. To free Mary, marry her to the Duke of Norfolk, who would overthrow Elizabeth and return to Catholicism. 4. 5000 rebels heard an illegal Catholic mass at Durham cathedral and then captured Barnard Castle and Hartlepool. They hoped for help from Spanish Catholics. This never happened, and when Elizabeth’s army moved north, the rebels retreated. 5. Elizabeth reorganised the council of the North (which had failed to crush the rebellion). She confiscated rebel lands. Northumberland was executed along with 500 rebels.

Answer 74

1. 1571 2. Catholic Italian banker living in London. 3. Assassinate Elizabeth and put Mary on the throne. 6000 Spanish troops to land at Harwich, Essex, led by the Duke of Alba. The arrival will prompt rebellion. Estimated half the English nobles were catholic and they could get around 40,000 men. Planned for Mary to marry the Duke of Norfolk. 4. Elizabeth’s intelligent discovered the plot. Rodolfi was abroad, so escape persecution. De Spes (Spanish ambassador) expelled from England. Norfolk arrested and found group guilty of treason. Elizabeth reluctantly signed the Dukes warrant after changing her mind three times but refuse to behead Mary.

Answer 75

1.1583 2. Was the intermediary between Mary and the Spanish ambassador The Spanish ambassador 3. The French catholic force, backed by Spain and people money would invade. Mary would be freed from house arrest and cause a Catholic uprising involving Jesuits, seminary priests and English Catholics. Elizabeth would be captured and murdered, and Mary would be Queen 4. Walsingham discovered the plan. Throckmorton was arrested, tortured on the rock and confessed. Bond of Association was passed- anyone involved in assassination plots would not be allowed to benefit from it. Throckmorton was accused of high treason and beheaded in 1584. De Mendoza was expelled from England and no more Spanish ambassadors lived in England. Mary had a little evidence against her, so got away.

Answer 76

1. 1586 2. Harsher treatment. No visitors allowed. All letters checked. Had been imprisoned for almost 20 years. Lost her throne, her status, her social life, her looks and her son. Was deeply resentful of her situation and of Elizabeth. 3. Catholic recusant from Derbyshire 4. To kill Elizabeth and put Mary on the throne with the help of a Spanish invasion force. 5. Walsingham found out about the plot, but let them continue correspondence, so he could have solid evidence against Mary. 6. It would be regicide and set an example of killing a queen. It could also be considered martyrdom to the Catholics who could revolt. She claimed that she did not give permission to execute Elizabeth, but signed the warrant as a precautionary measure and not to be sent off. 7. English Catholics were surprisingly more loyal to the Queen, but Spanish Catholics abroad were appalled.

Answer 77

✭ England helped Dutch rebels in the Netherlands, fighting against Spanish rule through direct help such as funds, allowing rebel ships in English ports, piracy, disrupting Spanish supply lines. ✭ Made herself head of the church, and was seen by a heretic by Catholic Europe ✭ sent help to the Huguenots ✭ Expelled Spanish ambassadors involved in Catholic plots ✭ supported privateers who attacked Spanish treasure ships in the New World ✭ Rejected Philip’s proposal to marry

Answer 78

✭Courtiers (Walsingham, Dudley) called for military action. Both sides made formal alliances. Spain signed the Treaty of Joinville with the French in 1584. ✭ Duke of Parma (Spanish governor) assassinated rebel leader William the Silent. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch. England agreed to send 7000 troops to support the rebellion in the Netherlands. ✭ martyrdom of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1587. ✭Pope supported Spanish invasion.

Answer 79

✭ most of Spain’s fleet and supplies were destroyed by Drake’s raid on Spanish ships. This did not stop him. ✭ The armada would sail up the English Channel to meet the Spanish army in the Netherlands of 30,000 men, under the command of the brilliant Duke of Parma ✭ The ships would cross the channel and capture ports on the south coast and the invasion force would march on London. English Catholics were also expected to rise up in rebellion in support of the Spanish.

Answer 80

Duke of Medina Sedonia. Wealthy Spanish nobleman. Was the second choice as the first one died,. Little self confidence and doubted success. capable soldier, but no naval experience and was chosen because of his rank, little initiative and a lot of incompetence. Lord Howard, as Lord, Admiral, and Sir Francis Drake, a second in command. Very experienced at hit-and-run, tactics as were John Hawkins and Martin Frobisher. Duke of Parma was Phillip’s nephew, and in charge of stopping Protestant revolt. He was an expert military leader, who wanted a large army to conquer England. Bad communication prevented the armada from picking up his troops.

Answer 81

Philip had a lot of resources. Elizabeth did not have a full-time army so she ordered every county to provide soldiers. About 20,000 were gathered, but unlike Phillip’s professional army, they had little training or equipment. The main armies were placed in the north of England in Kent and at Tilbury in Essex. There were just 34 battleships in the English Navy. Private individuals and trading companies were ordered to make their ships available and they quickly prepared for war. In this way about 200 ships were ready.

Answer 82

Hawkins spent years making improvements to the design of English ships. They were lighter, faster, and more manoeuvrable than the Spanish fleet, which had large slow galleons. English kept their distance from the Spanish, using light, accurate, long-range guns, called Culverins to attack while a safe distance. This was a good move as the Spanish couldn’t employ the usual naval tactics which relied on getting close to the enemy, and using short-range guns and grappling hooks to board enemy ships .

Answer 83

Elizabeth didn’t know where they would land so set up warning beacons along the coast of England. The armada left Lisbon in May 1588, but they quickly ran into storms, losing supplies and forcing ships back for repairs. English ships sighted the Armada off Cornwall and chased them up the English Channel. The Spanish kept their tight Crescent formation which made it hard to attack and only 3 Spanish ships were lost. The plan relied on close communication between Medina Sidonia at sea and Parma in the Netherlands, which was impossible. The Armada moored off Calais and waited for the Duke of Parma’s soldiers who were delayed. 28th July, the English sent eight fire ships towards the Spanish fleet. The crew panicked and cut their anchor ropes, flying out to sea. Some crashed into each other and others were dragged away by the wind. The Spanish Crescent formation was broken.

Answer 84

8 August 1588. English culverins were quickly reloaded, and battered the Spanish fleet by firing repeated broadsides. They aimed low, hitting the Spanish ships below the waterline. The English destroyed five Spanish ships. Two more ran aground. No English ships were damaged. 1000 Spanish were killed and 800 wounded. 50 English people had been killed. Elizabeth visited her troops at Tilbury and gave a famous speech. Strong winds blew the Spanish ships Northwards, and it was clear they could not get back to meet the Duke of Parma. The English chased them Northwards. The Spanish tried to sail round the north of Scotland. In stormy weather, many of the boats sank on Scottish and Irish coasts. Only 60 ships made it back to Spain.

Answer 85

💡 flawed plan. Communication between the armada and Spanish soldiers was impossible. So the rendezvous never happened. 👨‍✈️leadership. Medina Sidonia was cautious and inexperienced but Lord Howard was decisive and made good use of his hit and run specialist. Francis Drake 🚢 Spanish galleons were heavier and slower than Swifter manoeuverable English vessels Hawkins designed. 🔫 Spanish used short range guns that had to get close to the enemy, but English used accurate long range culverins which were quickly reloaded and fired Broadsides 💨 strong winds blew the Spanish north and storms wrecked many ships.

Answer 86

✝️ God was on her side, the storm which blew the Spanish North was known as the Protestant wind. 🏅 celebration with a special medal and the armada portrait 🗣️ she made a famous speech to trips at Tilbury ‘I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king’ 🤺 the war with Spain dragged on until 1604, by which time Elizabeth and Philip were both dead

Answer 87

She was described as having a bewitching elegance, a pretty Scottish accent, and a sharp wit. She had a son James the first and had a strong claim as a direct descendent from Henry VII. she was also catholic so had the approval of Spain, France and the pope.

Answer 88

Talbot was a high-ranking nobleman of immense wealth, and a moderate Protestant with some of his family, following some Catholic ways of worship. Best of Hardwick was a woman of high social ranking and enjoyed embroidery like Mary Queen of Scots. Elizabeth said ‘there is no lady in this land, who I love, and like more’ about Bess of Hardwick. She was the wealthiest woman in all of England.

Answer 89

Helping her regain the throne of Scotland could provide Mary with an army and would also upset the relationship between England and Scotland, and there was no guarantee England could gain any advantage. Returning Mary to France might allow Mary to raise a foreign army, retake the Scottish throne and threaten Elizabeth and England. Keeping Mary in England meant she was the focal point of Catholic discontent leading to plots, but the advantage of knowing where Mary was and what she was doing made this is the best and safest plan.

Answer 90

⇢ it was 2 miles away from the castle, so it was easy to move. Marie. There safely were the castle was being sweet and buy, airing the rooms, and emptying the latrines. ⇢ it is over 160 miles from London and over 300 miles from Scotland it is also far away from coasts and ports. ⇢ Talbot had some of his properties close together in the north Midlands, so it would be easy to move Mary around.

Answer 91

Her comfort was considered: ⇢ was built on high ground for its panoramic views, and with inner and outer courtyards, complete with gardens and fountains and 4 acres She had queen treatment ⇢ she sat under a cloth of state, and took her meals in the formal manner, expected by royalty. She ate from silverplate and slept on fine linen and sheets. Turkish carpets covered the floor of her two rooms, gold leaf chandeliers lit them and her chairs were upholstered nice in crimson and cloth of gold. ⇢ She was allowed an entourage of 41 people who took up ten rooms or receiving two barrels of wine per months which she not only drank but also bathed in. She was considered about the design: ⇢ a room on the upper floor called Mary’s room was decorated with marigolds, grapes (of France), and a thistle, which were all important symbolic designs for Mary The manor was lavish ⇢ It had one of the largest Deer Park is in the country with a Boundary of nearly 8 miles and 3000 deer. ⇢ in the 1570s, Talbot demolished the old house to make an even grander residence to extend and improve. The turret house was a combined Gatehouse and Huntingtower added during the rebuilding.

Answer 92

⇢ Shrewsbury’s son said that, unless she can turn herself into a flea or a mouse, it is impossible for her to escape ⇢ Walsingham received a written report from Shrewsbury every week about Mary’s health, behaviour, and security ⇢ Shrewsbury paid for 30 extra armed guards outside his own pocket, and she was guarded 24 hours a day by at least eight armed men

Answer 93

Catholic anger in England increased Shrewsbury, add an extra guards to 70 armed men were guarding Mary.

Answer 94

Mary spent most of her 14 years in captivity at Sheffield Manor Lodge. In August 1584, Shrewsbury, was replaced as Mary’s guardian. Financial costs - cost over £300 a year just to feed Mary’s court. At first Shrewsbury was allowed £2700 a year then £1560 a year and then nothing. The manager could not keep up with the demand of beer. Work costs-he was constantly kept away from court under house arrest in his own property. Familial costs-looking after Mary was a full-time job so he was kept away from his wife and children. Bess ended up divorcing him.