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Parasitology I > Trypanosomiasis & Leishmaniasis > Flashcards

Trypanosomiasis & Leishmaniasis Flashcards

1
Q

describe epidemiology of Trypanosoma

A

host specific
euryxenous (affect wide ranges animals)
affects mammals, bird, reptiles, amphibians

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2
Q

describe visual characteristics of Trypanosoma

A

elongated, spindle shape cell
single nucleus, posterior flagellum and lots of DNA

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3
Q

what is a kineoplast?

A

all the DNA within Trypanosoma

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4
Q

what are the transmission routes for Trypanosoma?

A

insect vectored (salivarian or stercorarian aka via feces)
latrogenic (blood contamination, needle, etc)
transplacental

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5
Q

what species are affected by tsetse- transmitted African Trypanosoma?

A

domestic ruminants
equids
pigs
dogs
cats

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6
Q

where can you find tsetse- transmitted African Trypanosoma?

A

Sub-Saharan Africa

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7
Q

which Trypanosoma cause Nagana disease?

A

tsetse- transmitted African
T. brucei
T. congolense
T. vivax

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8
Q

how is Nagana disease transmitted?

A

bites of tsetse flies (Glossina spp)

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9
Q

what are the possible disease stages of tsetse- transmitted African Trypanosomes in ruminants?

A

acute, chronic, asymptomatic

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10
Q

explain the acute disease of tsetse- transmitted African Trypanosomes in ruminants

A

high parasitemia (in blood), extensive hemorrhage of mucosa and serosa surfaces of body

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11
Q

explain the chronic disease of tsetse- transmitted African Trypanosomes in ruminants

A

anemic, emaciated with signs of wasting

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12
Q

what disease is caused by Non-tsetse dipteran vectored trypanosomes?

A

Surra disease

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13
Q

what causes Surra disease? which species?

A

T. evansi
domestic animals

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14
Q

what are clinical signs of Surra disease?

A

NO pathognomonic signs or macroscopic lesions
broad signs (fever, weight loss, etc)

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15
Q

what are the vectors of Surra disease?

A

Tabanid flies (horseflies)
vampire bats

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16
Q

which trypanosome disease is sexually transmitted?

A

Dourine

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17
Q

which species is affected by Dourine?

A

equines

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18
Q

what causes Dourine in horses?

A

T. equiperdum

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19
Q

explain the acute stage of Dourine

A

genitalia swelling
mucoid discharge

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20
Q

how is Dourine transmitted?

A

direct sexual contact

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21
Q

what is indicated in the image of a horse limb? what stage of dourine is this?

A

“silver dollar” plaque
appears as the acute stage comes to an end

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22
Q

explain the chronic stage of dourine

A

emaciation
paresis
fever
death

23
Q

how would you clinically diagnose Nagana disease?

A

direct visualization of trypanosomes
indirect fluorescent assay, ELISA (high specificity and sensitivity)

24
Q

how would you clinically diagnose Surra disease?

A

microscope exam
PCR
ELISA (for T. evansi)

25
Q

how would you clinically diagnose Dourine?

A

serology (NOT specific)
complement fixation test

26
Q

which two species are not easily differentiated in serology for diagnosing Dourine?

A

T. brucei and T. evansi
*must take other clinical signs into account

27
Q

what’s the disease caused by American triatomine-transmitted trypanosomes?

A

Chagas disease

28
Q

what causes Chagas disease?

A

T. cruzi

29
Q

Chagas disease reservoir hosts

A

opossums, armadillos, rodents, cats, monkeys, raccoons, pigs

30
Q

what’s the main route of infection for Chagas disease?

A

vector borne via Triatomine/kissing bugs

31
Q

where is Chagas disease mostly reported?

A

South US
Texas, Louisiana, Tennessee

32
Q

list the at-risk populations for Chagas disease

A

young dogs, working dogs, puppies from diseased moms, outdoor dogs

33
Q

what are the three phases of Chagas disease?

A

acute
latent
chronic

34
Q

what do the three stages of Chagas disease have in common?

A

could result in sudden death at ANY stage

35
Q

explain the acute phase of Chagas disease

A

fever, anorexia, lethargy, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, cardiac abnormalities
*very broad issues

36
Q

explain the latent phase of Chagas disease

A

NO clinical signs, but sudden death could occur

37
Q

explain the chronic phase of Chagas disease

A

congestive heart failure, dilated CM, arrhythmias

38
Q

what is the standard method of diagnosing Chagas disease?

A

serology via indirect fluorescent antibody

39
Q

explain the treatment of Chagas disease

A

NO effective drugs
manage symptoms

40
Q

how do you prevent Chagas disease?

A

limit contact with triatomine vectors
prevent dogs from eating potentially infected animals (mice, rat)
test breeding females to prevent congenital transmission

41
Q

describe epidemiology and biology of Leishmania species

A

protozoan parasite
found on ALL continents except Antarctica
(including North America)

42
Q

which species is most affected by Leishmania?

A

DOGS

43
Q

list the modes of transmission of Leishmania

A

vector borne by sandflies
latrogenic transmission via blood transfusion
transplacental

44
Q

what’s the most common cause of canine Leishmaniasis?

A

L. infantum

45
Q

what are the risk factors for dog infection of Leishmaniasis?

A

> 2 years old
prolonged exposure to outdoors
lack of tropical insecticide use
short haircoat

46
Q

is it common for dogs to develop life threatening disease from Leishmania?

A

NO, they usually eliminate the infection or remain sub-clinically infected (possible reactivation later in life)

47
Q

what’s the incubation period for Leishmania?

A

long time, about 7 years

48
Q

what is this?

A

cutaneous Leishmaniasis

49
Q

describe what occurs with cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

alopecia, scaling, ulceration
many dogs also develop onychogryphosis (long, brittle nails)

50
Q

what is this?

A

visceral Leishmaniasis

51
Q

describe the signs of visceral Leishmaniasis

A

fever, weight loss, oral ulcers, progressive lymphadeno/spleno-megaly, mucosal pallor due to anemia, rarely hepatomegaly

52
Q

what does the development of autoantibodies and circulating immune complexes lead to in patients with visceral Leishmaniasis?

A

immune mediated thrombocytopenia and/or thrombocytopathia
epistaxis or melana, lameness, joint swelling

53
Q

how would you diagnose canine Leishmaniasis?

A

clinical suspicion and history (travel history)
microscopy
serology
PCR

54
Q

what are the two common pathogenesis of canine Leishmaniasis?

A

cutaneous and visceral

Parasitology I (9 decks)

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