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Parasitology I > Cryptosporidiosis & Coccidian Diseases > Flashcards

Cryptosporidiosis & Coccidian Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Coccidia and Cryptosporidium infect…

A

GI tract and extra-intestinal sites

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2
Q

what are the life cycle stages of Coccidia and Cryptosporidium

A

zoites and oocyst

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3
Q

describe the zoite stage of Coccidia and Cryptosporidium

A

elongated, motile cell
invades host cell
INFECTIVE stage
names denote particular life cycle forms

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4
Q

describe oocyst stage of Coccidia and Cryptosporidium

A

environmentally resistant stage
shed in feces
contains sporocysts

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5
Q

what do Coccidia and Cryptosporidium sporocysts contain?

A

sporozoites aka form of zoite

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6
Q

what species does Cryptosporidium effect?

A

mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians

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7
Q

Cryptosporidium epidemiology

A

most are host specific
infect/damage mucosal epithelial cells in GI tract, respiratory tract
predilection varies

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8
Q

describe the life cycle of Cryptosporidium spp. is it direct or indirect?

A

DIRECT
1. oocyst ingested/inhaled
2. sporozoites excyst
3. infect host cells
4. develop into MERONTS
5. schizogeny
6. gametogeny
7. fertilization and sporogeny

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9
Q

what is schizogeny?

A

meronts divide -> merozoites -> infect host -> meronts -» repeat

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10
Q

what part of the Cryptosporidium life cycle is indicated by the red arrow?

A

schizogeny

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11
Q

what is gametogeny?

A

subset of merozoites infect host cells and develop into gamonts -> gametes

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12
Q

what part of Cryptosporidium life cycle is indicated?

A

gametogeny

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13
Q

what is fertilization and sporogeny?

A

fertilization - zygotes that develop into oocytes
sporogeny - oocysts sporulate (sporozoites develop) endogenously aka inside host

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14
Q

what happens to thin walled oocysts during fertilization and sporogeny?

A

sporozoites excyst and reinfect host
auto-infection

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15
Q

what happens to thick walled hosts during fertilization and sporogeny?

A

infective when shed, viable for months, resist disinfectant

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16
Q

what part of Cryptosporidium life cycle is indicated?

A

fertilization and sporogeny

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17
Q

GI Cryptosporidiosis - gastroenteritis disease patterns

A

usually mild to moderate - watery D
severe form - persistent D, dehydration, weight loss, lethargy, anorexia

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18
Q

what is C. parvum?

A

GI Cryptosporidiosis in ruminants and horses

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19
Q

what is C. baileyi?

A

GI AND Respiratory Cryptosporidiosis in poultry

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20
Q

what is C. parvum?

A

ZOONOTIC GI Cryptosporidiosis in humans

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21
Q

Respiratory Cryptosporidiosis disease pattern

A

mainly in avian hosts
sinusitis, bronchitis, airsacculitis, pneumonia

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22
Q

how to treat Cryptosporidiosis?

A

Supportive care (fluids, electrolytes, nutrition)
meds not very effective

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23
Q

Eimeria spp epidemiology

A

VERY narrow host specificity
largest impact on domestic ruminants and poultry
most spp in GI tract
predilection varies

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24
Q

what type of life cycle does Eimeria spp have?

A

direct
enteric cycle = schizogeny, gametogeny, fertilization, oocyst

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25
Q

for Eimeria spp, sporology usually occurs…

A

exogenously (outside host)

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26
Q

Eimeria spp disease patterns

A

enteritis - epithelium damage (mild/moderate), damage to lamina as well (severe)
D, fever, weight loss, dehydrated, emaciation, decreased production

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27
Q

what is E. bovis?

A

cattle Eimeria spp

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28
Q

what is “winter coccidiosis” for cattle

A

Eimeria spp disease provoked by severe cold, even at low infection levels

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29
Q

what is “nervous coccidiosis” in cattle?

A

enteritis and neurologic disturbances, usually during coldest months

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30
Q

why is there NO cross infection between sheep and goats for Eimeria spp?

A

strict host specificity

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31
Q

what is E. tenella?

A

poultry Eimeria spp

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32
Q

how to diagnose Eimeria spp?

A

fecal float

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33
Q

how to treat Eimeria spp??

A

anti-coccidial drugs
AMPROLIUM and supportive therapy

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34
Q

Cystoisospora spp epidemiology

A

in all mammals, strict host specificity
typically in GI tract enterocytes
direct life cycle

35
Q

how is Cystoisospora spp transmitted?

A

fecal oral
paratenic hosts

36
Q

how do Cystoisospora spp paratenic hosts transfer the cysts to the definitive host?

A

paratenic ingests oocyst, sporozoites encyst in mesenteric lymph nodes, forms tissue cysts that are infective to definitive host

37
Q

what does the red and blue mean regarding Cystoisospora spp?

A

red = enteric cycle - schizogeny, gametogeny, fertilization, oocyst
blue = exogenous sporulation

38
Q

what is C. suis?

A

swine Cystoisospora spp

39
Q

what is C. canis?

A

dog Cystoisospora spp

40
Q

what is C. felis and C. rivolta?

A

cat Cystoisospora spp

41
Q

Cystoisospora spp severity ___ with host age

A

decreases

42
Q

Cystoisospora spp signs

A

most commonly D, dehydration, weight loss in young animals

43
Q

Cystoisospora spp is diagnosed similarly to ____

A

Eimeria-induced coccidiosis

44
Q

Cystoisospora spp treatment

A

TX swine is unreliable
Tx dogs/cats done via sulfadimethoxine

45
Q

Toxoplasma gondii definitive host

A

felids (wild and domestic)

46
Q

how are hosts typically infected with Toxoplasma gondii?

A

eating tissue cysts harbored by infected intermediate hosts

47
Q

how do oocysts sporulate for Toxoplasma gondii within the definitive host?

A

exogenously
making it infective to intermediate hosts AND felids

48
Q

what are the intermediate hosts of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

mammals and birds

49
Q

since felids go through enteric cycle for Toxoplasma gondii, what type of cycle does the intermediate host go through?

A

extra-enteric cycle

50
Q

describe the extra-enteric cycle of intermediate hosts for Toxoplasma gondii

A

tachyzoites develop in and rupture out of SI and mesenteric cells
tachyzoites infect cells throughout body

51
Q

what is a tachyzoite “explosion” in regards to Toxoplasma gondii

A

acute toxoplasmosis
occurs when tachyzoites infect cells throughout body (includes placenta/fetus)

52
Q

over time, tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii develop form ___ that contain ___ in CNS, muscle, and visceral organs

A

forms tissue cysts that contain bradyzoites

53
Q

who are bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii infective to?

A

felids and intermediate hosts

54
Q

describe the tissue cyst phase of Toxoplasma gondii

A

tissue cysts formed from tachyzoites
chronic toxoplasmosis, life long infection

55
Q

can the extra-enteric cycle of Toxoplasma gondii occur in felids?

A

YES
can cause severe pathology

56
Q

Toxoplasmosis disease pattern in young vs adult dogs/cats

A

most common in immunodeficient adults (endogenous AND exogenous)
young animals (exogenous)
congenital Toxoplasmosis is rare (would result in abortion or stillbirth)

57
Q

signs of Toxoplasmosis in dogs/cats

A

pneumonitis, hepatitis, myocarditis, encephalitis, lethargy, C, dyspnea, anorexia, icterus

58
Q

Toxoplasmosis disease pattern in small ruminants

A

common cause of abortion and stillbirth in sheep/goats
fever, anorexia, D, dyspnea, may die to enteritis

59
Q

Toxoplasmosis disease pattern in swine

A

most common in piglets
congenital is rare (similar to dog/cat)

60
Q

Toxoplasmosis disease pattern in equine and cattle

A

typically resistant

61
Q

how to diagnose Toxoplasmosis

A

serology (ELISA)
ID tachyzoites and/or tissue cysts

62
Q

are oocysts in feline feces correlated with development of Toxoplasmosis?

A

NO

63
Q

how to treat Toxoplasmosis
what does Tx NOT eliminate?

A

Supportive care, Clindamycin
**Tx does NOT eliminate bradyzoites in tissue cysts (chronic)

64
Q

who are the definitive hosts of Neospora caninum?

A

dogs, dingoes, wolves, coyotes

65
Q

who are intermediate hosts of Neospora caninum?

A

cattle, deer, other mammals

66
Q

Neospora caninum epidemiology in definitive hosts

A

ingest tissue cysts from intermediate host
has enteric cycle and extra-enteric cycle

67
Q

Neospora caninum transmission in dogs

A

transplacental occurs sporadically
fecal-oral

68
Q

Neospora caninum epidemiology in intermediate host

A

ingest sporulated oocysts
extra-enteric cycle
transplacental transmission

69
Q

what causes tissue damage/inflammation in Neospora caninum?

A

tachyzoites and tissue cysts

70
Q

Neosprosis disease pattern in dogs

A

usually subclinical
if disease - congential is most common (hindlimb paralysis, muscle atrophy)
adults have CNS signs, myocarditis, dermatitis, hepatitis

71
Q

Neosprosis disease pattern in cattle

A

major cause of abortion BUT is suubclinical otherwise
fetus autolyzed at 4-6 months since transplacental transmission

72
Q

Neosprosis diagnosis

A

serology
ID tachyzoites in CSF and/or tissue cysts
oocysts RARELY in dog feces

73
Q

Neosprosis treatment in dogs

A

clindamycin

74
Q

Neosprosis treatment in cattle

A

NONE

75
Q

Sarcocystis epidemiology

A

TWO host life cycle
strict host specificity

76
Q

who is definitive host of Sarcocystis?

A

carnivorous and omnivorous mammals, birds, reptiles

77
Q

how are Sarcocystis definitive hosts infected?

A

ingestion of tissue cysts (sarcocysts) in striayed muscle of intermediate hosts

78
Q

who are intermediate hosts of Sarcocystis?

A

mammals, birds, reptiles

79
Q

how are intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis infected?

A

ingestion of sporocysts that are shed from host feces
extra-enteric cycle

80
Q

what is S. neurona?

A

Sarcocystis of various mammals
*exception to the strict host specificity rule

81
Q

Sarcocystis infections are typically ___

A

subclinical

82
Q

Sarcocystis disease pattern in horses

A

causes Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) via S. neurona
spinal cord lesions, brain lesions

83
Q

Sarcocystis diagnosis done via…

A

serology
ID schizonts, sarcocysts, tissue cysts post-mortem

84
Q

how would you diagnose Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)?

A

testing CSF for antibodies along with serology tests

Parasitology I (9 decks)

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