trust Flashcards
how did Piaget suggest that children learn?
autonomous learning
what does it mean when Piaget sees the child as an autodidact?
children learn from their own exploration and first hand experiences
how did Vygotsky suggest children learn?
social constructivism
how does Vygotksy suggest children learn through social constructivism?
importance of learning from others
scaffolding- adults provide carefully tailored support by modelling activities and providing verbal instructions
who researched testimony for acquiring knowledge?
Harris (2012)
what did Harris (2012) suggest about testimony?
there is a limit to the role that first hand experience can play in cognitive development
what is testimony?
information communicated by others via assertions
rely on others to expand our knowledge
what is formal learning from others?
explicit teaching
what is informal learning from others?
everyday dialogue with adults, siblings and peers
asking questions
imitation
overhearing
what is indirect learning from others?
learning through books, TV and the internet
is testimony always reliable?
no
what is epistemic vigilence?
evaluating the credibility of the information source, and the plausability of claims
make trust in the testimony accordingly
what is epistemtic vigilance necessary for?
effective social learning
what does the historical perspective suggest about children trusting others?
children believe everything they are told
agree without reflection
what does a more recent perspective suggest about children trusting others?
children do not yet know how to doubt others
this is adaptive
why did Dawkins suggest children’s lack of doubt is adaptive?
children learn more by believing than evaluating everything they learn
how do children show early scepticism?
rejecting blatantly false claims
from 16 months, infants reject false labels
3-4 year olds reject claims that are inconsistent with their own perceptual judgement
what is social referencing?
infants look at the caregiver to see how to act in ambiguous situations
occurs from 12 months
who researched testimony and social referencing in infants?
Tamis-Lemonda et al, 2008
what did Tamis-Lemonda et al (2008) find out about testimony and social referencing in infants?
mothers encouraged children to walk down risky slopes, and discouraged them to walk down safe slops
18 month year olds ignored the mother’s advice and relied on perceptual information
only relied on mother’s advice when they could not assess risk
how did researchers test if infants are biased to believe?
shown an animal that has characteristics of two animals, but looks more like one animal in particular
eg) an animal which looks a bit like a fish and a bird, but looks more like a fish
ask which habitat it should be placed in, may suggest it should be the opposite one
are 2-3 year olds biased to believe?
accept labels even if it conflicts with their own perceptions
are 4 year olds biased to believe?
more likely to accept conflicting labels if given additional information suggesting it is an unfamiliar subtype of that category
are 6-8 year olds biased to believe?
more likely to accept conflicting labels when stimuli is ambiguous
how is prior knowledge used when assessing unexpected testimony?
children compare other’s testimony to their existing knowledge
when own knowledge is strong= more likely to stick with own beliefs
when own knowledge is weak in ambiguous situations= more likely to accept implausible claims
who assessed whether children take into account an informant’s past reliability?
Jaswal et al, 2010
how did Jaswal et al, 2010, assess whether children taken into account an informant’s past reliability?
person on the video told them if the sticker was hidden under the red or the yellow cup
if they looked under the right cup= they could keep the sticker
if they looked under the wrong cup= person on the video could keep the sticker
what did Jaswal et al, 2010, find about whether children took into account an informant’s past reliability?
3 year olds continued to believe the deceptive actor across 8 trials
took a while to believe the person
find it hard to inhibit trust as we usually receive honest information
which cognitive skills support the development of scepticism?
inhibiting the normally appropriate expectation that what people say is true
responding sceptically requires an awareness that others may deceive
does scepticism require executive function?
mixed evidence
does scepticism require theory of mind?
mixed evidence
what underlying abilities do we have to decide whether to trust someone?
sensitivity to appropriate cues about individual’s competence or honesty
appreciate that prior competence/honesty is linked to future reliability
keep track of person specific information about reliability to guide selective learning from reliable informants
who researched signs of selective trust?
Koenig, Clement and Harris (2004)
what did Koenig, Clement and Harris (2004) find about signs of selective trust?
3-4 year olds use informant’s past accuracy to assess the reliability of their current or future testimony
preferred to seek help and accept new information from a previously accurate than inaccurate person
why are novel objects used in trust tests?
means people don’t have their own knowledge to make them choose one object over another
what age do children become sensitive to differences in speaker’s accuracy?
4 years
who researched if children are sensitive to differences in speaker’s accuracy?
Pasquni et al, 2007
how did Pasquini et al, 2007, research if children are sensitive to differences in speaker’s accuracy?
looked at how much children trusted someone who was between 0% and 100% correct
at 3 years- children only differentiated between speakers when one person was 100% right
at 4 years, children were sensitive to the relative frequencies of errors made
what ages do children experience a growing ability to differentiate based on relative error size?
between 4 and 7 years of age
who conducted the object labelling task?
Vanderbilt et al, 2014
what happens in Vanderbilt’s object labelling task?
label an ambiguous object
when children have the option of learning novel informatoin from a previously accurate or inaccurate speaker, 3 and 4 year olds accept the claim of the accurate speaker
willing to trust the testimony of a single person- whether or not they have been previously reliable
children require conflicting testimony from a better source in order to demonstrate selective trust
from 4 years what affects who children show greater trust in?
depends on age, familiarity, accent and gender
however, this is disrupted when past accuracy conflicts with these cues
