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developmental psych > reading and spelling development > Flashcards

reading and spelling development Flashcards

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1
Q

which type of skills are reading, writing and spelling?

A

secondary language skills

only recently evolved in our evolutionary history

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2
Q

what is reading the process of?

A

print to speech or meaning

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3
Q

what is spelling the process of?

A

speech or meaning to print

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4
Q

what does reading rely on?

A

vocabulary
phonological skills
reading skills
reading comprehension

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5
Q

what is phonological skill?

A

hearing and manipulating skills in spoken language

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6
Q

what is reading comprehension and accuracy positively correlated with?

A

reading comprehension and accuracy

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7
Q

what resources does automatic reading provide for comprehension?

A

vocabulary breadth and depth

morphology= study of words

syntax

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8
Q

how do we read?

A

recognise letters

decode sounds

analogise to known words

predict words from grapho-phonemic context

memory and semantic context

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9
Q

what are graphemes?

A

smallest units of a word

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10
Q

what are phonemes?

A

distinct units of sound

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11
Q

what is phonological awareness?

A

awareness of sounds in words

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12
Q

why do we get ambiguities in visual communication?

A

only a limited number of symbols to represent words

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13
Q

who investigated whether it is better to learn to spell or read first?

A

Conrad, 2008

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14
Q

is it better to practice spelling or reading first?

A

practicing spelling makes the most gains for spelling and reading

reading doesnt improve spelling very much

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15
Q

why does spelling help reading?

A

enables the brain to develop an efficient orthographic processing system

can identify legitimate letter patterns, and link sounds to letters

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16
Q

who proposed the dual route cascaded model?

A

Coltheart et al, 2001

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17
Q

what processes are involved in the dual route cascaded model?

A

look at the word

extract the visual and letter units

go to the orthographic input lexicon, or grapheme phoneme rule system

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18
Q

what happens if a word enters the orthographic input lexicon?

A

a mental dictionary of orthographic, written words

mental library of what written words look like

consider the semantic meaning, and the phonological output lexicon- what the word sounds like

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19
Q

what other system can a letter unit enter?

A

the grapheme-phoneme rule system

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20
Q

when is the grapheme phoneme rule system used?

A

if we are hearing a word for the first time

use it to break down a word

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21
Q

what type of model is the dual route cascaded model?

A

cascade model- all of the processes happen at the same time, except looking at the word and saying it

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22
Q

what is surface dyslexia?

A

difficulties reading irregular words eg) yacht

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23
Q

what is phonological dyslexia?

A

difficulties in reading non words, eg) tegwop
difficulties manipulating parts of sounds and words

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24
Q

which route is affected for surface dyslexia?

A

orthographic input lexicon

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25
Q

which route is affected for phonological dyslexia?

A

grapheme-phoneme rule system

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26
Q

who proposed the stage model for reading?

A

Frith, 1985

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27
Q

what is the stage model for reading composed of?

A

logographic
alphabetic
orthographic

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28
Q

what happens in the logographic stage of reading?

A

first stage
children recognise words which are familiar to them- more the association
eg) own name, tescos

29
Q

what happens in the alphabetic stage of reading?

A

visually recognise words as different from numbers and symbols

phonemic awareness begins to develop

can decode non sense words

30
Q

what happens in the orthographic stage of reading?

A

do not need to sound out words

can recognise many automatically

31
Q

who proposed the phase model for reading?

A

Ehri (1995)

32
Q

what are the phases in the phase model for reading?

A

pre alphabetic
partial alphabetic
full alphabetic
consolidated alphabetic

33
Q

what happens in the pre alphabetic stage of reading?

A

decoding
visual cues
sight word reading

34
Q

what happens in the partial alphabetic stage of reading?

A

phonetic cue reading
basic grapheme phoneme connections
alphabetic knowledge

35
Q

what happens in the full alphabetic stage of reading?

A

full grapheme phoneme connections

decode by analogy to sight words

start to predict words from sounds

more of a phonemic awareness

36
Q

what happens in the consolidated alphabetic stage of reading?

A

grapheme phoneme decoding

memory of patterns

consolidate similar letter sequences

37
Q

what happens in the pre alphabetic spelling stage of reading?

A

scribbles which resemble the writing system

38
Q

what happens in the partial alphabetic stage of spelling?

A

letter knowledge and phonemic awareness

use letters for sounds

39
Q

what happens in the full alphabetic stage of spelling?

A

spelling phonetically complete

graphemically plausible spellings using conventional graphemes

40
Q

what happens in the consolidated alphabetic stage of spelling?

A

advanced alphabetic understanding of units, roots, families of words etc

41
Q

what are the stages of Gentry’s (1982) spelling model?

A

precommunicative stage
semiphonetic stage
phonetic stage
transitional stage
correct stage

42
Q

what is the precommunicative stage in Gentry’s spelling model?

A

don’t understand the order of writing words

mix upper and low case letters, and numbers up

letters mean something, but we don’t really know what they aree

43
Q

what is the semiphonetic stage in Gentry’s spelling model?

A

partial mapping of phonetic interpretation

44
Q

what is the phonetic stage of Gentry’s (1982) spelling model?

A

sounds are represented in spelling, but are just not spelt correctly

45
Q

what is the transitional stage of Gentry’s spelling model?

A

getting towards the correct spelling

46
Q

what is the correct stage of Gentry’s spelling model?

A

word is spelt correctly

47
Q

what are the stages of speech?

A

speech input

acoustic analysis/phonological lexicon/semantic lexicon/phonological buffer

speech output

48
Q

what is the phonological buffer?

A

phonemes are held in working memory, and are assembled into words

49
Q

what is the phonological lexicon?

A

mental dictionary of sound based representations of words in the mind

50
Q

what is the semantic lexicon?

A

mental dictionary of word meanings and their relationships within a language

51
Q

what is the orthographic lexicon?

A

mental dictionary that holds information about the written forms of words

52
Q

what is the role of the grapheme phoneme conversion route?

A

written symbols (graphemes) are translated into their corresponding sounds (phonemes) during reading

53
Q

what is the phoneme grapheme conversion route?

A

translating speech sounds (phonemes) into written symbols (graphemes) during spelling or reading

54
Q

what is the grapheme buffer?

A

temporary storage system holding visual or orthographic representations of written symbols, before they are processed or integrated into larger linguistic units

55
Q

who provided longitudnal evidence for phonological awareness?

A

Vellutino and Scanlon (1987)

56
Q

what is the longitudnal evidence for phonological awareness?

A

phonemic segmentation (understanding of how words are structured) was the best predictor of later reading performance, as oppposed to vocabulary and semantic ability

57
Q

what is the intervention evidence for phonological awareness?

A

children were normal or poor readers

intervention designed to improve phonetic segmentation improves later reading ability

58
Q

who provided intervention evidence for phonological awareness?

A

Vellutino and Scanlon (1987)

59
Q

what is the biggest predictor of word reading skills?

A

phonemic awareness

60
Q

what is rime awareness?

A

ability to recognise and manipulate common phonetic rimes within words

rime= vowel and following consonants in a syllable

61
Q

what contributes to phonemic awareness?

A

rime awareness

visual short term memory

62
Q

what type of language is phonological recoding faster in?

A

faster in transparent than opaque languages

63
Q

what are transparent languages made up of?

A

consistent letter phoneme relations

64
Q

what are opaque languages made up of?

A

ambiguous letter phoneme relations

65
Q

what type of language is English?

A

opaque

66
Q

who investigated opaque languages?

A

Ziegler et al, 2010

67
Q

what did Ziegler find out about opaque languages?

A

phonological awareness predicted reading speed and accuracy, and decoding speed and accuracy

phonological awareness more important in opaque languages

vocabulary more important in transparent languages

68
Q

how does phonological awareness impact transparent languages?

A

early access to phonemes=
improved reading=
improved phonetic awareness and phoneme representations

69
Q

how does phonological awareness impact opaque languages?

A

less access to phonemes=
slower development of reading, phonetic awareness and representations

developmental psych (10 decks)

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