reading and spelling development Flashcards
which type of skills are reading, writing and spelling?
secondary language skills
only recently evolved in our evolutionary history
what is reading the process of?
print to speech or meaning
what is spelling the process of?
speech or meaning to print
what does reading rely on?
vocabulary
phonological skills
reading skills
reading comprehension
what is phonological skill?
hearing and manipulating skills in spoken language
what is reading comprehension and accuracy positively correlated with?
reading comprehension and accuracy
what resources does automatic reading provide for comprehension?
vocabulary breadth and depth
morphology= study of words
syntax
how do we read?
recognise letters
decode sounds
analogise to known words
predict words from grapho-phonemic context
memory and semantic context
what are graphemes?
smallest units of a word
what are phonemes?
distinct units of sound
what is phonological awareness?
awareness of sounds in words
why do we get ambiguities in visual communication?
only a limited number of symbols to represent words
who investigated whether it is better to learn to spell or read first?
Conrad, 2008
is it better to practice spelling or reading first?
practicing spelling makes the most gains for spelling and reading
reading doesnt improve spelling very much
why does spelling help reading?
enables the brain to develop an efficient orthographic processing system
can identify legitimate letter patterns, and link sounds to letters
who proposed the dual route cascaded model?
Coltheart et al, 2001
what processes are involved in the dual route cascaded model?
look at the word
extract the visual and letter units
go to the orthographic input lexicon, or grapheme phoneme rule system
what happens if a word enters the orthographic input lexicon?
a mental dictionary of orthographic, written words
mental library of what written words look like
consider the semantic meaning, and the phonological output lexicon- what the word sounds like
what other system can a letter unit enter?
the grapheme-phoneme rule system
when is the grapheme phoneme rule system used?
if we are hearing a word for the first time
use it to break down a word
what type of model is the dual route cascaded model?
cascade model- all of the processes happen at the same time, except looking at the word and saying it
what is surface dyslexia?
difficulties reading irregular words eg) yacht
what is phonological dyslexia?
difficulties in reading non words, eg) tegwop
difficulties manipulating parts of sounds and words
which route is affected for surface dyslexia?
orthographic input lexicon
which route is affected for phonological dyslexia?
grapheme-phoneme rule system
who proposed the stage model for reading?
Frith, 1985
what is the stage model for reading composed of?
logographic
alphabetic
orthographic
what happens in the logographic stage of reading?
first stage
children recognise words which are familiar to them- more the association
eg) own name, tescos
what happens in the alphabetic stage of reading?
visually recognise words as different from numbers and symbols
phonemic awareness begins to develop
can decode non sense words
what happens in the orthographic stage of reading?
do not need to sound out words
can recognise many automatically
who proposed the phase model for reading?
Ehri (1995)
what are the phases in the phase model for reading?
pre alphabetic
partial alphabetic
full alphabetic
consolidated alphabetic
what happens in the pre alphabetic stage of reading?
decoding
visual cues
sight word reading
what happens in the partial alphabetic stage of reading?
phonetic cue reading
basic grapheme phoneme connections
alphabetic knowledge
what happens in the full alphabetic stage of reading?
full grapheme phoneme connections
decode by analogy to sight words
start to predict words from sounds
more of a phonemic awareness
what happens in the consolidated alphabetic stage of reading?
grapheme phoneme decoding
memory of patterns
consolidate similar letter sequences
what happens in the pre alphabetic spelling stage of reading?
scribbles which resemble the writing system
what happens in the partial alphabetic stage of spelling?
letter knowledge and phonemic awareness
use letters for sounds
what happens in the full alphabetic stage of spelling?
spelling phonetically complete
graphemically plausible spellings using conventional graphemes
what happens in the consolidated alphabetic stage of spelling?
advanced alphabetic understanding of units, roots, families of words etc
what are the stages of Gentry’s (1982) spelling model?
precommunicative stage
semiphonetic stage
phonetic stage
transitional stage
correct stage
what is the precommunicative stage in Gentry’s spelling model?
don’t understand the order of writing words
mix upper and low case letters, and numbers up
letters mean something, but we don’t really know what they aree
what is the semiphonetic stage in Gentry’s spelling model?
partial mapping of phonetic interpretation
what is the phonetic stage of Gentry’s (1982) spelling model?
sounds are represented in spelling, but are just not spelt correctly
what is the transitional stage of Gentry’s spelling model?
getting towards the correct spelling
what is the correct stage of Gentry’s spelling model?
word is spelt correctly
what are the stages of speech?
speech input
acoustic analysis/phonological lexicon/semantic lexicon/phonological buffer
speech output
what is the phonological buffer?
phonemes are held in working memory, and are assembled into words
what is the phonological lexicon?
mental dictionary of sound based representations of words in the mind
what is the semantic lexicon?
mental dictionary of word meanings and their relationships within a language
what is the orthographic lexicon?
mental dictionary that holds information about the written forms of words
what is the role of the grapheme phoneme conversion route?
written symbols (graphemes) are translated into their corresponding sounds (phonemes) during reading
what is the phoneme grapheme conversion route?
translating speech sounds (phonemes) into written symbols (graphemes) during spelling or reading
what is the grapheme buffer?
temporary storage system holding visual or orthographic representations of written symbols, before they are processed or integrated into larger linguistic units
who provided longitudnal evidence for phonological awareness?
Vellutino and Scanlon (1987)
what is the longitudnal evidence for phonological awareness?
phonemic segmentation (understanding of how words are structured) was the best predictor of later reading performance, as oppposed to vocabulary and semantic ability
what is the intervention evidence for phonological awareness?
children were normal or poor readers
intervention designed to improve phonetic segmentation improves later reading ability
who provided intervention evidence for phonological awareness?
Vellutino and Scanlon (1987)
what is the biggest predictor of word reading skills?
phonemic awareness
what is rime awareness?
ability to recognise and manipulate common phonetic rimes within words
rime= vowel and following consonants in a syllable
what contributes to phonemic awareness?
rime awareness
visual short term memory
what type of language is phonological recoding faster in?
faster in transparent than opaque languages
what are transparent languages made up of?
consistent letter phoneme relations
what are opaque languages made up of?
ambiguous letter phoneme relations
what type of language is English?
opaque
who investigated opaque languages?
Ziegler et al, 2010
what did Ziegler find out about opaque languages?
phonological awareness predicted reading speed and accuracy, and decoding speed and accuracy
phonological awareness more important in opaque languages
vocabulary more important in transparent languages
how does phonological awareness impact transparent languages?
early access to phonemes=
improved reading=
improved phonetic awareness and phoneme representations
how does phonological awareness impact opaque languages?
less access to phonemes=
slower development of reading, phonetic awareness and representations
