Truman Doctrine And Marshall Plan

Question 1

What did the Kennan telegram confirm?

Answer 1

Truman’s fear that the USSR wanted to spread communism

Question 2

Why was Truman still worried after assured USSR couldn’t fight the west?

Answer 2

Truman believed the USSR wouldn’t have to go to war to increase territory and power

Question 3

How easy would it be for communist expansion to happen after the war?

Answer 3

Countries were ruined and communism looked ideal to poorer members of society. All Stalin had to do was set up communist government and get support through Europe

Question 4

What caused the Truman Doctrine to be put in place?

Answer 4

Britain was supposed to help rebuild Europe but after six years they were in an awful economic situation as well. In 1947, Britain announced they couldn’t provide military support against communist guerillas

Question 5

Why were Cominform and Comecon created?

Answer 5

Marshall Plan set Stalin an economic and political challenge, so he decided to create two governments for communist countries of Europe

Question 6

Why was Comecon specifically created?

Answer 6

Stalin wanted communist states to avoid capitalist governments so he made sure satellite states didn’t accept Marshall aid. Also needed a better alternative to Marshall Plan to get support.

Question 7

What was the Truman Doctrine?

Answer 7

Truman delivered speech on 12th March 1947 to announce an economic aid package to Greece and Turkey. $400 million would be aided for Greece and Turkey, along with military aid.
Truman saw this speech as a chance to show his views, saying choosing democracy or vommunism was like good and evil. He said he was only willing to aid those who resist the ‘evil’ communism

Question 8

What policy did USA run on before WW2?

Answer 8

Policy of isolationism: staying apart, not getting involved in affairs of others.

Question 9

How did USA’s policy change after the Truman Doctrine?

Answer 9

Policy of containment: preventing the spread of communism outside a small number of countries

Question 10

Why were USA well-placed to provide economic aid to Europe?

Answer 10

They hadn’t taken damage to infrastructure and indsutry during WW2 like other European countries did

Question 11

What happened three months after Truman Doctrine speech?

Answer 11

George Marshall (US secretary of state) spoke about how the aid of the Truman Doctrine would be provided

Question 12

Give the numbers of Marshall plan aid?

Answer 12

$12.7 billion aid, along with $13 billion aldeady given to USA before the Marshall Plan

Question 13

The economic impact of thr Marshall aid in Western Europe was enormous, but when did the full effects start to be seen?

Answer 13

1950s

Question 14

What did the British foreign secretary, Ernest Bevin call the Marshall plan?

Answer 14

‘A lifeline to sinking men, giving hope there was none.’

Question 15

During ww2, who was the German occupation of Greece resisted by?

Answer 15

Two separate groups in Greece: a communist group and a pro-royalist group.

Question 16

What happened to the two groups in Greece after Germans left?

Answer 16

They fell out (Greek Civil war)

Question 17

What did Britain do during the Greek civil war?

Answer 17

Restored the Greek monarchy and put down a communist rebellion

Question 18

When did communists renew their fight in Greece?

Answer 18

1946, British tried to suppress them, but asked USA to take over in 1947

Question 19

When were communists in Greece finally defeated?

Answer 19

1949, they fled to Albania

Question 20

What was there much debate around in the Marshall plan?

Answer 20

Whether to provide aid for Soviet Union ans satellite states

Question 21

What was decided on whether to give aid to Soviet Union?

Answer 21

It could be offered but countries would have to undergo a thorough review of finances which Stalin wouldn’t do, so Eastern countries didn’t benefit from the Marshall plan.

Question 22

Marshall aid was not just loans and grants to governments. What else was it?

Answer 22

Involved making direct grants to groups in need, including: nets for Norwegian fishermen, mules for Greek farmers, food for starving people

Question 23

What is the story of Helmut Kohl?

Answer 23

Hungry boy who receives free soup from the back of a lorry in his schoolyard from smaller-scale marshall aid. He grew up to be the first Chancellor of a reunited Germany after the cold war

Question 24

Why didn’t Stalin like Truman’s new policies to contain communism?

Answer 24

He believed the USA were trying to extend their influence into Europe
Thought it was undermining UN by suggesting it was ‘America’s job to protect the world’

Question 25

What did Stalin argue the Marshall plan was?

Answer 25

A way of using economic might to divide Europe in two and establish an American economic empire in Europe. Soviets called this ‘dollar imperialism’

Question 26

How did the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan have a huge impact on international relations from 1947?

Answer 26

. Grand alliance gone as USA directly opposing communist Soviet Union
. Stalin’s suspicions of West reinforced
. Marshall countries successfully tied Western European counteies into supporting USA. Stalin rejected this sp Europe split into two economic and political camps

Question 27

When was cominform created?

Answer 27

22nd September 1947

Question 28

What was Cominform?

Answer 28

Nine members of different parties around Soviet Europe set up a political organisation

Question 29

Where did the strongest support for Cominform initially come from?

Answer 29

Yugoslav communists under the leadership of Tito, so the headquarters was in Belgrade

Question 30

Why was headquarters of Cominform moved to Bucharest in Romania?

Answer 30

Growinf tension between Yugoslavia and Soviet Union led to expulsion of Yugoslavia from Cominform in June 1948

Question 31

What did Cominform give Stalin?

Answer 31

A way of directing and controlling the governments of the satellite states

Question 32

What did Stalin want to ensure the countries in cominform did?

Answer 32

They followed communism and took orders from moscow

Question 33

Who were Satellite states encouraged to work with?

Answer 33

Only cominform members

Question 34

What did Cominform’s first meeting do?

Answer 34

Rejected Marshall Plan

Question 35

What did Cominform begin to spread praganda for?

Answer 35

That America was no different to Nazi Germany

Question 36

When was Comecon created?

Answer 36

1949

Question 37

What was Comecon?

Answer 37

Copy of Marshall plan - provided aid in line with communist principles

Question 38

What was Comecon originally?

Answer 38

For arranging trade and credit arrangement between members

Question 39

What was Comecon used for after 1953?

Answer 39

To organise industrial planning across all satellite states
Each state had a 5-year plan, nationalised industry and collectivised agriculture
Trade with USA and Western Europe was discouraged

Question 40

How much did Bulgaria’s trade with other Comecon members increase from 1930s to 1951?

Answer 40

from 10% in 1930s to 90% in 1951

Question 41

Why did Stalin form Cominform and Comecon?

Answer 41

In response to the threat he believed the Marshall Plan posed to the Soviet Union

Question 42

What did Cominform and Comecon do to tensions?

Answer 42

Increased them

Question 43

What did Stalin’s actions in Cominform and Comecon play a large role in?

Answer 43

The USA and Western European countries creating military alliance NATO in April 1949