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GCSE Cold War > Berlin Wall > Flashcards

Berlin Wall Flashcards

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1
Q

What did both USA and USSR have by 1958?

A

Large numbers of nuclear weapons

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2
Q

What did neither superpower want the nuclear weapons to lead to?

A

War

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3
Q

How was it clear that nobody wanted to go to war over the issue of Berlin?

A

Even the West German Chancellor, Adenauer, who was fiercely opposed to giving East Germany official recognition and believed West Germany was the ‘real’ Germany, was not prepared to go to war over the issue of Berlin

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4
Q

What happened between 1959-1961?

A

Series of talks held to try and solve the ‘Berlin problem’

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5
Q

What happened at Geneva, May 1959?

A

First summit meeting. Both came up with ways to govern Berlin, nothing agreed. Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to USA for further talks

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6
Q

What happened at Camp David, September 1959?

A

Eisenhower and Khrushchev met face-to-face for first time. No advancements were made for Berlin but Soviet Union agreed to withdraw Berlin Ultimatum. Relations slightly improved

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7
Q

What happened at Paris, May 1960?

A

Soviet Union announced that on 1st May, an American U-2 spy-plane was shot down over Soviet Union and Amerians claimed it was a weather plane that flew off course. The pilot, Gary Powers, was interrogated and identified as a spy. Eisenhower was embarassed but didn’t apologise and said these things were unavoidable. Krushchev walked out of meeting and no decisions made.

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8
Q

During the cold war, what did the US air flrce and the CIA use U-2 planes for?

A

Spy missions over enemy countries. Many flew over the Soviet Union, often from American air force bases in friendly nations such as Pakistan

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9
Q

When did JFK become president?

A

January 1961

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10
Q

What was Kennedy’s policy in power?

A

Wanted to build up USA military forces while slso trying to solve difficulties with the Soviet Union through talks

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11
Q

Why did Kheushchev take a tough approach to Vienna meeting (June 1961)?

A

He believed Kennedy was inexperienced in foreign affairs, and his reputation suffered from the Bay of pigs failure

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12
Q

What did Khrushchev bring back at Vienna (June 1961)?

A

Berlin Ultimatum of 1958

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13
Q

What was Kennedy determined to not happen?

A

Kennedy was concerned with Khrushchev’s approach but didn’t want to appear weak and give control of Berlin over

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14
Q

How did Kennedy stand his ground at Vienna meeting?

A

Refused to make any concessions/changes Khrushchev had proposed so there were no advancements to Berlin again

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15
Q

What happened to the personal relationship between Kennedy and Khrushchev after Vienna?

A

Became strained

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16
Q

What did Kennedy increase spending on after Vienna?

A

On American armed forces by over $2 billion to protect the USA if war broke out. It seemed the USA was prepared to fight over Berlin if necessary

17
Q

When did JFK take office?

A

At only 43

18
Q

What had JFK done before presidency?

A

Fought in WW2 and served as a Senator

19
Q

How did many people view Kennedy like Khrushchev did?

A

Saw Kennedy as an inexperienced youth whose wealth gave him no understanding of the real world

20
Q

What proved Khrushchev’s assumptions about Kennedy wrong?

A

Events in Berlin and Cuba

21
Q

What did Khrushchev’s tough line in Berlin force?

A

Britain, France and USA to get involved in talks about Berlin’s future

22
Q

What was the unfortunate side-effect of everyone getting involved in talks for Berlin?

A

It increased tensions between East and West, meaning more East Germans decided to cross to the West, just in case Khrushchev decided to close to the border.

23
Q

How many East Germans crossed to the West on just one day in August 1961?

A

40,000

24
Q

What did the East German leader urge Khrushchev to do?

A

Walter Ulbricht urged Khrushchev to close the border

25
Q

What happened on the night of 12th August 1961?

A

East German troops built a barbed wire fence around Berlin and between East and West Berlin

26
Q

How did the barbed wire fence develop?

A

Soon turned into a concrete wall which would stretch 165km away

27
Q

What did the building of the Berlin wall confirm?

A

Discussions were over. Berlin and Germany were to stay split in two and East Germany’s refugee problem was solved

28
Q

How was it clear relations were bad?

A

The meetings couldn’t come to a conclusion and even resulted in a wall that separated family from both sides of Berlin which was an unhelpful solution

29
Q

What did the building of the Berlin wall show about the leaders?

A

They aren’t great at agreeing with their different ideologies and it was just ending up in conflict

GCSE Cold War (24 decks)

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