True false questions. Test 2

Question 1

Well, this might be a bit picky but…It takes about 580 cal of heat to change 1 g of water from liquid to vapor, which is important in dissipating excess heat from out body through, for instance, evaporation!

Answer 1

True

Question 2

“Uric acid” can be synthesized from Gln, Gly, and Asp in birds, and they also have some “urea” in their urine because urea can be produced from metabolism of purine!

Answer 2

False

Question 3

We should always try to provide clean drinking water, and “total dissolved solids or TDS” should be less than 3,000 and 5,00 or 7,000 ppm for poultry and pigs respectively.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Usually, nitrite does not have any adverse effects on nonruminant animals, but bacteria in water may convert it to nitrate, which can form met-Hb (methemoglobin) and reduce O2 carrying capacity.

Answer 4

False

Question 5

Net effects of “aldosterone?” Well, it can increase Na retention in the ECF and increase K excretion, which are important in maintaining blood pressure, but we may also end up with “K deficiency” under stressful conditions.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

We all know that “fructose” is the sweetest sugar we have and also its absorption rate is low compared with other sugars.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

It seems that “mannose” which is found in plant glycoproteins, serum globulins, etc., can be an important pentose for nonriminant species because it is converted to glucose

Answer 7

False

-pentose should be hexose

Question 8

**Because “molasses” contains fairly high concentrations of Mg and K, which have a laxative effect by a B-galactosidic linkage, and animals do not have enzyme to split that linkage. Thus undigested carbohydrates can be passed down to the hindgut where they are fermented…which can result in production of a large amount of gases.

Answer 8

?***

Question 9

We tend to think “fruits” are high in fructose , but ,actually, there are a lot of variations amount the fruits in the fructose content. For instance, apples, and pears are rather high in the proportion of fructose, but banana and cantaloupe are rather high in sucrose

Answer 9

True

Question 10

“Lignin” is a high-molecular weight, amorphous carbohydrate polymer, which is important for the structural integrity of plant cell walls

Answer 10

False

Question 11

“Available or bioavailable” nutrients can be defines as those digests, absorbed and utilized and perhaps the absorption rate and efficient of utilization may have little to do with the inherent feature of some feedstuffs or diets.

Answer 11

False?

Question 12

Although “dietary fiber” seems to have many beneficial effects, it may also have some adverse effects on nonruminant species such as reducing digestibility of protein, minerals (especially, divalent mineral elements), and lipids.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Obviously it would certainly depend on the type of fiber, but it seems that at a low inclusion rate, some nonruminant species are more efficient in the utilization of dietary fiber than ruminant species.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

***When we need energy or glucose, glucagon can trigger “cascade sequences,” and the end result being the cleavage of a-1,4 linkage by “phosphorylase a “ to release a glucose molecule from glycogen.

Answer 14

?**

Question 15

Compared with long-chain fatty acids, “short and medium” chain triglycerides or MCT can be utilized more efficiently by e.g., young pigs simply because those shorter fatty acids can be absorbed into the lymphatic system without micelle formation

Answer 15

False

-not lymphatic

Question 16

“Linoleic acid” is a metabolically essential fatty acid, whereas arachidonic acid” is a dietary essential fatty acid because it can be readily converted to linoleic acid.

Answer 16

False

-swap the acids

Question 17

It seems that cat family just cannot saturate linoleic and linoleic acids, this they need specific polyunsaturated fatty acids of animal origin.

Answer 17

False

-desaturated

Question 18

***Although there seem to be some lingual and gastric lipase in rats and humans, we usually assume that most lipids are delivered to the duodenum without any changes in the nonruminant species.

Answer 18

???*

Question 19

***In ruminant species, microbes in the rumen can rapidly hydrolyze triglycerides to free fatty acids, and, then, dehydrogenate or unsaturate almost all saturated fatty acids

Answer 19

??***

Question 20

In most species, long chain fatty acids can be absorbed into the lymphatic system throughchylomicron, but, in chickens long chain fatty acids are absorbed directly into the portal circulation through very low density lipoprotein or VLDL

Answer 20

False

Question 21

acyl-CoA cannon get through the inner membrane of mitochondria, where B-oxidation takes place, thus, we need a “carnitine transport system” to utilize fatty acids.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

“Polyunsaturated fatty acids” may have some beneficial effects on out cardiovascular system, but we just cannot forget that their double bonds are susceptible to oxidation on peroxidation, which may have some adverse effects on, e.g. aging process and some type of cancer

Answer 22

True

Question 23

“papillae” in the reticulum and rumen are more like…villi and microvilli of the small intestine and they are increasing he surface area for absorption e.g., volatile fatty acids (VFA)

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Some proteins can be converted to VFA (e.g., valeric,isobutyric,andisocaleric acids) by microbes, and those are a very important source of energy for the host.

Answer 24

False

Question 25

Body fat of ruminants tends to be more saturated because microbes can saturate 70 to 90 unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen, which can be incorporated into their body directly.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

It is not surprising that a deficiency of Na can have some adverse effects on the efficiency of utilization of some vitamins such as thiamine and vitamin C because of Na’s involvement’s in the active transport of some nutrients.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

A double exchange mechanism? well it refers to active absorption of Na and Cl, which involves cation exchange between Cl and bicarbonate on one side and anion exchange between Na and hydrogen on the other side.

Answer 27

False

Question 28

“strict: salt restriction may not have much of the beneficial effects on alleviating hyperextension because it may result in only about 5% reduction in blood pressure, even in so called hyperextensive subjects i.e., folks with greater than 140/90 mmHg

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Mannose is an aldopentose in mannans and it can be converted to glucose, thus, it can be an important pentose for nonruminant species

Answer 29

False

Question 30

Unlike lactose, galactose in “raffiose, stachyose, and berbascose” are joined by an a-galactoside linkage,which can be split only by microbal enzyme

Answer 30

True

Question 31

A supplementation with B-glucanase has some positive effects on barley-based diets partly because it may reduce the formation of vicious solution in the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Perhaps we can put an equal sign between “digestibility and nutritional value of a feedstuff” simply because to a large extent absorption and utilization may have nothing to do with any inherent feature of the feedstuff in question

Answer 32

True

Question 33

“Omega (w)-3 or w-6 fatty acid?” Well, simply methy carbon is known as the w-carbon and if a particular fatty acid as the first double bond between 3&4 or 6&7 carbons from the methyl end, it would be called w-3 or w-6 fatty acid respecfully

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Well, “polyunsaturated fatty acids” may have some beneficial effects on our e.g., cardiovascular system, but we just cannot forget that their saturated bonds are susceptible to auto oxidation per oxidation, thus they may increase a chance of getting some type of cancer!

Answer 34

False
-not saturated
unsaturated bond are susceptible

Question 35

It is assumed that most lipids are delivered to the duodenum without any changes in the nonruminant species, but, in the ruminant species, most saturated fatty acids are dehydrogenated or unsaturated by microbes before leaving the rumen,

Answer 35

False

-microbes sature unsaturated FA

Question 36

The most important factor in digestion of long chain fatty acids seems to be the formation of mixed micelle, which seems to be affected by among others, chain length, unsaturation, saturation, the ratio of unsaturation to saturation and esterfication of fatty acids

Answer 36

True

Question 37

“Alpha-tocopherol, which is the most widely didtributed and the most important vitamin E, can donate H to stabalize, e.g., a peroxide and it does become “radical” in the process. But with the presence of some oxidizing agents such as vitamin C, it can be converted back to a-tocopherol… this, can be utilized again!

Answer 37

False

Question 38

As we mentiond, vitamin E and unsaturated fatty acids may be involved in stabalizing cell membranes i.e., methyl groups of vitamin E can fit into the pockets created by cis double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids, which can be important in the synthesis of arachidonic acid derivative.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

“Selenium” exists in several states and in nonruminant species there are some differences in absorption rate among Se with various state. Bt it may not make any difference in ruminant species because microbes can chance those to highly soluble compounds in the rumen.

Answer 39

False

- change to insoluble compounds ( not highly)

Question 40

The rate limiting step in choline synthesis in young birds seems to be the initial carboxylation process, But, after 8 weeks or so, they dont ahve any problem in synthesizing choline, thus, they are not likely to develop “choline deficiency”

Answer 40

False

Question 41

The addition of lipids to a diet can improve the utilization of dietary energy greatly. Believe it or not, often, and essential energy value of feedstuff such as metabolizable energy can exceed its gross energy value.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

strict salt restriction may not have beneficial effects on alleviating hyperextention because it may result in only about 5% reeducation in blood pressure in hyperextensive subjects whereas it does not have any effect on those with normal blood pressure

Answer 42

False

Question 43

Net effects of aldosterone? It can increase Na retenation in the INTRACELLULAR fluid and increase K excretion which can lead to K deficiency under stressful conditions.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Although we should also consider Ca, Mg, P and S we can use a simpler formula Na+K-Cl to determine the electrolyte balance because Na is the primary cation in INTRACELLULAR fluid, K is the primary cation in EXTRACELLULAR fluid and Cl is the primary anion in water.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

It seems that a typical corn-soybean meal diets contain sufficient goitrogens to increase he size of thyroid5-to6-fold. Fortunately, including normal amounts of iodized salt and dicalsium phosphate may satisfy the pigs iodine requirement. Poultry? Iodized sat and dicalsium phosphate alone may not be enough to satisfy their requirement.

Answer 45

False

Question 46

Fructose is the sweetest sugar and also its absorption rate is low compared with other sugars. So we should eat more fruits to satisfy our craving for sweets but we should rememeber that there are a lot of variations among fruits in the fructose content.

Answer 46

False

Question 47

Because molasses contains fairly high concentrations of Mg and K which have a laxative effect, including to much molasses can cause diarrhea in come nonruminant species such as pigs

Answer 47

False