Final Flashcards
we eliminate all of the potential factors that can influence heat production, then we can obtain a minimum energy expenditure associated with maintenance of life, and it is called
Basal metabolism
When we think about the “maintenance need” for protein or N, a couple of very obvious important terms would pop into your head such as________________ and other biologically active N compounds (ex Histamine & carnitine).
enzymes and peptide hormones
Most minerals can easily form____________ thus their absorption rate is generally very low. Exceptions are Na, Cl, & K.
salts or other insoluble compounds
The sense of ____ is important for pigs where as _____ is important for poultry.
smell
vision
4) Obviously the major difference between fat and water soluble vitamins is solubility but another major difference would be
fat sol stored in fat, water vit constantly replenished.
5) It seems that “gastrin” is the focal point of regulating gastric secretion and _____________are primarily factors involved in controlling gastrin secretion, thus the activity of the stomach.
histamine and secretin
Unlike pigs) Chickens do not have a “stomach” per se, and they use their
crop for food storage, proventriculous for enzyme secretion, and gizzard for grinding respectively.
7) What are gizzard teeth?
Well they are uniquely associated with the fowl and consisted of a protein-polysaccharide complex known as koilin which form rods that can protrude through the lining of the luminal surface.
8) Obviously, ____________ are very important in energy metabolism, and it seems that plasma glucose is the major factor controlling their secretion.
glucagon and insulin
9) Well, as we mentioned, horses seem to have a lot of digestive/nutritional related problems such as
colic and stomach rupture(disorders).
1) Under _________, C-skeletons cannot be oxidized to CO2. Consequently, the end products of rumen fermentation are mostly VFAs.
anaerobic conditions
10) Having ________ is important for young ruminants so that milk can flow directly into the omasum/abomasums which results in better utilization of milk.
reticular groove
11) As we mentioned, animals may be “marginally” deficient or excess in certain nutrients but we may not realize that all simply because
they show no clear signs or symptoms.
12) It seems that “mineral metabolism” is a bit different from metabolism of most other nutrients such as protein, simply because
minerals aren’t broken down
13) In practice, “fattening or finishing” is an integral part of “growing” animals for the commercial meat production. But, as we mentioned, it is not part of “growth” because
growth involves protein, minerals and water, and fat is energy storage.
14) It would be important for us to have some ideas on “interactions” of minerals for two important reasons:
avoid undesirable reactions & secondary deficiencies.
15) We did talk about estimating nutrient digestibility just briefly. And, we use the term, “apparent” rather than saying “digestibility or true digestibility” simply because
it does not consider metabolic fecal nutrient.
16) As we mentioned, laying hens and lactating sows mobilize a lot of “Ca and P from bones” which can lead to leg problems! The best way to alleviate such problems seems to be
Supplement Ca & P during gestation.
17) For most species, “esophagus” is simply a passage way for food/feed but it does have some implications for “horses” because
their smooth muscle is one way peristaltic contractions; cannot vomit or burp.
18) In the small intestine, “2 sets of glands” are primarily responsible for digestive secretions. The 1st one is _______ or duodenal glands which can secrete viscous mucous. The second is_______ or intestinal glands which secrete mucous and enzymes.
Brunner’s gland
crypts of lieberkuhn
19) Briefly we talked about changes in pH as ingesta/digesta move thru gastrointestinal tract and the pH changes seem to be important for
reducing microbial growth/load and keeping at optimum pH for enzymes to work properly
_______which account for 40-50% of total dry weight of most plans, cannot be utilized efficiently by us & most other nonruminant species simply because:
cellulose
don’t have enzyme to break B-1.4 linkage; only microbes do