Final 2 Flashcards
• We can destroy some anti-nutritional factors in feedstuffs by heat treatment. But if we apply too much heat, we may end up with “heat-damaged protein” or protein with low AA availability because of
Malliard or browing reaction
• When we express the rate of protein synthesis in terms of total protein, it is called _________ which is greater for metabolically active organs
fractional rate of synthesis
_________is considered as a metabolically active form of pyridoxine (or vit B6), but pyridoxamine phosphate PMP is also biologically active.
Pyridoxal phosphate PLP
• Essentially all natural proteins contain L-form of AA. Thus, for the D-form to be active, it must be converted to the L-form by the process of _______
inversion
• Two AA,____________do not have D-AA oxidases and also those AA do not have means to incorporate ammonia. Thus, their D-isomers, ketoacids or hydoxy analogs cannot be utilized by animals.
lysine and threonine
• “Vitamin B 12” might be especially important for ruminant species because it is a component of methyl malonyl-coA isomerase, which is necessary for utilization of
propionate
• Currently, we have four feed-grade crystalline AA that can be used for commercial production of food animals. Interestingly, Met & Trp are the most toxic AA and _____________are the least toxic AAs
lysine and threonine
• Pigs and poultry need AA, not ‘protein’ per se. But we can use the protein value to express their requirement for the N component under certain situations such as using______________(pigs depend on diets for 10 indispensible AA and suff. Amts of nonspecific N to syn dispensible AA)
corn-soy or ideal protein source.
• As we mentioned, the requirement for protein can be expressed in many ways (ex. %, g/Mcal DE) but the primary objective of all those approaches would be to ensure _________
adequate daily nutrient/energy intake.
• We can express an energy value in terms of GE, DE, ME, and NE and it seems that GE->NE the energy value is progressively _________rather than inherent features of a feed ingredient or diet.
the animal and other factors
• For poultry, it is common to use _______________which is corrected for both urinary and endogenous energy, in expressing the energy req or energy content of feed.
true metabolizable energy
• Although the energy requirement for fat or protein disposition is similar, we often hear ‘fat is more expensive than depositing lean’. Why? Because of the different in deposition of______in lean tissues
water
_______is considered the oldest vitamin and along with riboflavin and niacin, it plays an important role in CAC in decarb and transketoloase rxns. (def is beriberi-loss of appetite and edema)
Thiamin
• Function of riboflavin are enzymes that function aerobically are called oxidases whereas anaerobically are called
dehudrogenases
• One of the indispensable AA_____can be converted to niacin. With a high protein diet, niacin supplement is not necessary. But you must remember that particular one of the limiting AA in practical diets. (Trypotphan forms serotonic, is a vasoconstrictor, and forms melatonin)
tryptophan
• Consuming too many raw eggs, ‘egg white injury’ or biotin deficiency because______is found in egg white and bound to biotin in 1:1 ration. Bound biotin is not available to animals
avidin
To maximize______in pigs, we have to provide about 0.10% more Ca than needed to maximize performance. (perhaps applicable to other nonruminant species too)
bone strength
• Calcium and P (2:1 ratio) are primary components of the inorganic portion of bone. “young or immature bones” contain more tricalcium phosphate, and mature bones contain more______
hydroxyapatite
• Many hormones are involved in bone metabolism, but ____is especially. Its adequacy can result in dwarfism, and excess can cause giantism.
GH
• Zinc is a component of many metallo-enzymesa and it can activate many enzymes. Most well known deficiency of Zn is
Parakeratosis.
: it seems that ‘antibodies or immunoglobins” can be taken up by the epithelial cell thru absorption and endocytosis, and then they are absorbed into circulation via lymphatic system by a reverse process of endo or exocytosis.
T
: For protein synthesis, we should remember that we need all 10 indispensable AA in adequate amts simultaneously, and also the process of protein synthesis is not exact, ie many mistakes can take place during the process, thus increasing energy expenditure.
F
it seems that deaminated AA are not efficient source of energy compared with carbs or fats, and their values maybe only ½ the assumed energy value.
T
if glucogenic AA can be converted to glucose, the conversion rate might be high for some AA and low for others, depending on the # of steps in the process.
T
