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Classics > Trojan Saga > Flashcards

Trojan Saga Flashcards

1
Q

Achilles

A

Child of Peleus & Thetis (Nereid)
§ Child to be greater than father

Thetis tries to make Achilles immortal
§ 1st version
§ Burns away mortal parts; anoints him with ambrosia § Prevented by Peleus

(2nd version)
§ Thetis dips Achilles into River Styx § ‘ Achilles’ Heel’

Achilles’ Fate
§ Either:
§ Long inglorious life
§ Or:
§ Short glorious one
§ Achilles ‘Outed’
§ Thetis hides Achilles on Scyros § Disguises him as a girl
§ Achilles & Deïdamia
§ Son: Neoptolemus, a.k.a. Pyrrhus
§ Odysseus blows Achilles’ cover
§ Sounds battle call; Achilles goes for armour
Death of Achilles
§ Fatally wounded in heel § Paris shoots arrow
§ Assisted by Apollo
§ Achilles’ Corpse Recovered § By Ajax the Greater
§Son of Telamon
§ A.k.a. ‘T elamonian Ajax’

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2
Q

Aeneas

A

Escape of Aeneas
§ Son of Aphrodite & Anchises
§ Founder of Roman people § Told in Vergil’s Aeneid

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3
Q

Agamemnon

A

The T rojan War
§ 10 years of fighting & skirmishing
§ Homer’s Iliad
§ ‘The Wrath of Achilles’
§ From:
§ Quarrel between Achilles & Agamemnon
§To:
§ Ransoming & Burial of Hector
§ Horace: Ars Poetica (147–8)
§ ‘Nor does he begin the Trojan war from the double egg, but always he hurries to the action, and snatches the listener into the middle of things (In Medias Res).’

Agamemnon decides to appease Achilles § Sends:
§ Odysseus
§ Phoenix (Achilles’ Tutor)
§ Ajax (a.k.a. Ajax the Great(er))
§ Son of T elamon

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4
Q

Ajax the Greater

A

Agamemnon decides to appease Achilles § Sends:
§ Odysseus
§ Phoenix (Achilles’ Tutor)
§ Ajax (a.k.a. Ajax the Great(er))
§ Son of Telamon

Ajax Speaks
§ blunt speech of warrior
§ Other men accept blood-money
§ Achilles refuses all these gifts for a girl!

Ajax Disgraced
§ Goes mad at being denied Achilles’ arms § Slaughters flock of sheep
§ Believed them his enemies § Suicide of Ajax
§ Falls on own sword
§ From his blood springs
§ Flower
§ “AI AI” (for “Aias”) on its petals
§ Sophocles’ T ragedy § Ajax

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5
Q

Amazons

A
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6
Q

Anchises

A

Aeneas’ father

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7
Q

Andromache

A

wife of Hector § Mother of Astyanax
§Andromache pleads with Hector §To fight Achilles = Death-wish
§ Andromache: widowed § Astyanax: orphaned

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8
Q

Aphrodite

A

Aeneus’ mother

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9
Q

Apple of Discord

A

The Wedding of Peleus & Thetis
§ Minor deity, Eris (‘Discord’), not invited § T osses Golden Apple among guests
§ Inscribed
§ ‘To the Fairest’

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10
Q

Apollo

A

helps Paris kill Achilles

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11
Q

Arete

A

excellence

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12
Q

Astyanax

A

Euripides’ T rojan Women § Powerful anti-war tragedy
§ Seen through eyes of prisoner women § Hecuba, Cassandra, Andromache
§ Odysseus hurls Astyanax to death
§From walls of Troy
§ Before his mother’s eyes
§ “Only a fool kills father & allows son to live”

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13
Q

Athena

A

The Palladium
§ Statue of Athena
§ Protectress of city troy

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14
Q

Aulis

A

Heroes all assemble at Aulis § But not all come willingly

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15
Q

Briseïs

A

Odysseus’ Speech
§ Appeals to Achilles’ wounded pride § More than amply compensated
§ Added incentive
§ Briseïs returned to him
§ Untouched by Agamemnon

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16
Q

Calchas

A

prophecy
Seer who accompanies armada
§ ‘Troy cannot be taken without Achilles’

Prophecy of Calchas
§ Chyrseïs to be returned without ransom
§ Agamemnon relents
§ But demands compensation:
§ Achilles’ concubine § Briseïs
§ Achilles enraged at slight to Timē § Intends to kill Agamemnon
§ Athena intervenes
§ Achilles withdraws from fighting

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17
Q

Cassandra

A

Ajax The Lesser
§ son of Oïleus
§ Ajax Rapes Cassandra
§ At T emple of Athena
§ Athena kills Ajax on his way home
§ Cassandra
§ concubine of Agamemnon
§ Aeschylus’ Agamemnon

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18
Q

Castor and Polydeuces (Pollux)

A

kids of swan Zeus and Leda and Tyn

Castor - mortal, son of Tyn, tamer of horses
Polux - immortal, son of Zeus, Boxer

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19
Q

Chiron

A

Chiron:
§ Wise Centaur
§ T utors Achilles
§ Along with Achilles’ best friend, Patroclus § On Mt. Pelion

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20
Q

Chryseïs and Chryses

A

Priest of Apollo
§ Wants to ransom daughter, Chryseïs
§ Concubine of Agamemnon § Agamemnon refuses
§ Wants to ‘Save Face’
§ Aretē = ‘Excellence’
§ Timē = ‘Honour,’ or ‘Face’
§ Kleos = ‘Glory’
§ Chryses prays to Apollo § Send plague!

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21
Q

Clytemnestra

A

associated with Castor

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22
Q

Creusa

A

wife of Aeneas, and the mother of Ascanius. According to Apollodorus, she is the daughter of Priam and Hecuba

23
Q

Diomedes

A

leading warriors in the Trojan War, with the reputation of being gifted and strong in combat. He contributed 80 ships to the Greek forces in the Trojan War and was in the famous Trojan Horse on the night that Troy was destroyed.

24
Q

Epeus

A

Odysseus commissions Epeus to build horse

25
Q

Eris

A

Minor deity, Eris (‘Discord’), not invited § T osses Golden Apple among guests
§ Inscribed- “to the Fairest’

26
Q

Hector

A

greatest of Trojan heroes § Brother of Paris
ndromache: wife of Hector § Mother of Astyanax
§Andromache pleads with Hector
§To fight Achilles = Death-wish
§ Andromache: widowed § Astyanax: orphaned

Duel between Hector & Achilles § Hector faces Achilles alone
§ Loses courage and runs § Chased 3x around T roy
§ Savagery of Achilles
§ Refuses to show Hector mercy
§ Slaughters Hector
§ Drags corpse behind chariot
§ Brings corpse to tent

Thetis intervenes
§ Brings message from Zeus § Achilles must relent
§ King Priam sneaks into Greek camp § Aided by Hermes
§ Ransoms Hector’s body
§ Iliad ends with funeral of Hector

27
Q

Helen

A

Ms. Olympia’
§ All heroes want to marry her
§ T yndareus worried about rejected suitors § Odysseus solves T yndareus’ problem § Negotiates own marriage to Penelope

Odysseus’ 2 conditions:
§ All suitors must abide by T yndareus’ decision § Should Helen be abducted:
§ All must vow to rescue her § T yndareus’ Choice:
§ Menelaus, King of Sparta

28
Q

Helenus

A

Trojan Seer

3 possibilities for fall of Troy

  1. Neoptolemus ‘New Recruit’
    § Son of Achilles
    § Brutally slaughters Priam at altar
    §2. The Palladium
    § Statue of Athena
    § Protectress of city § 3. Bow of Heracles
    § Philoctetes from Lemnos
29
Q

Hera

A

Judgement of Paris § Contestants:
§ Hera, Athena & Aphrodite

30
Q

Heracles

A

Philoctetes abandoned on Lemnos § Left with bow & arrows of Heracles
§ Only man brave enough to light Heracles’ pyre § T rojan, Helenus prophesies
§ T roy captured only with aid of Heracles’ bow § Philoctetes at last rescued
§ Along with bow! § Kills Paris

31
Q

Laocoön

A

Priest of Apollo
§ Declares Sinon a Liar & Horse a Ruse § Hurls spear into horse’s Side
§ 2 Sea-Serpents attack Laocoön § Kill Him & His 2 sons

32
Q

Laomedon

A

Laomedon was a Trojan king, son of Ilus and thus nephew of Ganymede and Assaracus. Laomedon was variously identified with different parents and siblings, as well as numerous children, including Priam and Tithonus.

33
Q

Leda

A

Leda, wife of Tyndareus

Zeus appears to her disguised as swan = 2 eggs, 4 kids (pollux and Helen, castor and clytemnestra)

34
Q

Menelaüs

A

T yndareus’ Choice:
§ Menelaus, King of Sparta

35
Q

Myrmidons

A

legendary inhabitants of Thessaly in Greece, were known for their fierce devotion to Achilles, the king who led them in the Trojan War. Myrmex means “ant” in Greek, an image that evokes small and insignificant workers mindlessly fulfilling their duties.

36
Q

Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus)

A

New Recruit’
§ Son of Achilles
§ Brutally slaughters Priam at altar

37
Q

Nestor

A

Nestor was an Argonaut, helped to fight the centaurs, and also participated in the hunt for the Calydonian Boar. He became the King of Pylos after Heracles killed Neleus and all of Nestor’s brothers

38
Q

Odysseus

A

Heroes all assemble at Aulis § But not all come willingly
§ ‘Wily Odysseus’ feigns madness § Recently a father
§ Son: T elemachus
§ Wife: Penelope
§ Plows field with ox and ass
§ Sows field with salt
§ Palamedes places Telemachus before plow
§ Odysseus’ ruse discovered

Agamemnon decides to appease Achilles § Sends:
§ Odysseus
§ Phoenix (Achilles’ Tutor)
§ Ajax (a.k.a. Ajax the Great(er))
§ Son of Telamon

Odysseus’ Speech
§ Appeals to Achilles’ wounded pride § More than amply compensated
§ Added incentive
§ Briseïs returned to him
§ Untouched by Agamemnon

Odysseus Speaks
§ Achilles Rejects Proposals § Regards them as Bribes
§ Achilles displaying Hubris?

Odysseus v. Ajax
§Each claims Achilles’ arms
§Before assembly of Greeks § Athena as arbiter
§Odysseus awarded arms §Grounds for Award
§Trojan prisoners’ claim
§ Odysseus the more devastating foe

39
Q

Paris (Alexander)

A

Judgement of Paris § Contestants:
§ Hera, Athena & Aphrodite
§ Zeus intervenes
-Chooses Paris as judge
§ A.k.a. Alexander
§ son of Priam, King of Troy

Three guests, Hera, Athena and Aphrodite, after some disputation, agreed to have Paris of Troy choose the fairest one. Paris chose Aphrodite, she having bribed him with the most beautiful mortal woman in the world, Helen of Sparta, wife of Menelaus

40
Q

Patroclus

A

Achilles’ best friend
§ Hector burns Greek ships
§ Achilles still refuses to fight
§ Allows Patroclus to Wear his armour
§ Warns him not to Fight Hector
§ Patroclus disregards warning
§ Hector Slays Patroclus
§ Strips Patroclus of his (Achilles’) armour

Achilles avenge Patroclus’ death
§ Seals own fate
§Thetis brings Achilles new armour
§Fashioned by Hephaestus § Shield of Achilles

41
Q

Peleus

A

Fatherof Achilles
§ Child of Peleus & Thetis (Nereid)
§ Child to be greater than father

42
Q

Penthesilea

A

Queen of Amazons
§ Achilles kills & strips her of armour § But falls in love as he kills her

43
Q

Philoctetes and the Bow of Heracles

A

fall of troy
Philoctetes
§ Philoctetes bitten in foot by snake
§ Wound develops powerful stench
§ Philoctetes abandoned on Lemnos § Left with bow & arrows of Heracles
§ Only man brave enough to light Heracles’ pyre § T rojan, Helenus prophesies
§ T roy captured only with aid of Heracles’ bow § Philoctetes at last rescued
§ Along with bow! § Kills Paris

44
Q

Phoenix

A

Agamemnon decides to appease Achilles § Sends:
§ Odysseus
§ Phoenix (Achilles’ Tutor)
§ Ajax (a.k.a. Ajax the Great(er))
§ Son of T elamon

Phoenix Speaks
§ Plays upon Achilles’ sentiments
§ Achilles rejects Phoenix’s proposals

45
Q

Polyxena

A

Achilles’s Ghost demands sacrifice
§ P olyxena
§ Daughter of Priam & Hecuba
§ Medieval Variant
§Achilles in love with Polyxena
§ Ambushed by Paris
§ During tryst with Polyxena

46
Q

Priam and Hecuba

A

Hecuba’s Dream
§ Hecuba (Hekabē),Mother of Paris,
§ Gives birth to firebrand that destroys Troy
§ Paris exposed on Mt. Ida § Raised by shepherd

47
Q

Sarpedon

A

son of Zeus, the king of the gods, and Laodameia, the daughter of Bellerophon; he was a Lycian prince and a hero in the Trojan War. As recounted in Homer’s Iliad, Book XVI, Sarpedon fought with distinction on the side of the Trojans but was slain by the Greek warrior Patroclus.

48
Q

Sinon

A

Greeks leave behind Sinon § Pretends he’s escaped
§ Human sacrifice
§ Explains horse as Offering to Athena
§ Size is to prevent its being brought into Troy

Lacoon declares Sinon a Liar & Horse a Ruse § Hurls spear into horse’s Side

49
Q

Thersites

A

AchillesT aunted by Thersites
§ ‘Ugliest man at Troy’
§ Achilles slays Thersites
§ Withdraws to Lesbos § Purified by Odysseus

50
Q

Thetis

A

Wedding of Peleus & Thetis

Achilles’ Prophecy
§ ‘Y ou will tear your heart, angry that you did
not honour the best of the Achaeans’ § Intervention of Thetis
§ Achilles’ mother § Thetis
§ Supplicates Zeus
§ Obtains Zeus’ oath
§ Achilles to be honoured
§ T rojans succeed as long as Achilles absent

51
Q

Dioscuri

A

Join Jason & the Argonauts
§ Violent Storm
§ Flame flickers from Brothers’ heads § Storm ceases instantly
§ Flames known as ‘Castor & Pollux’ § Later: St Elmo’s Fire
§ Castor killed in fight
§Pollux avenges brother’s death § Shares immortality with Castor

52
Q

Fall of Troy

A

Various Sources §Summaries of Lost Epics
§A.k.a. Epic Cycle, or, Trojan Cycle § E.g. Nostoi: ‘Returns’
§ T ragedy
§Art
§Vergil’s Aeneid

53
Q

Trojan horse

A

Odysseus commissions Epeus to build horse § Homer’ s Odyssey
§ Virgil’ s Aeneid
§ Greeks sail away
§ Hidden behind island of T enedos
§ Greeks leave behind Sinon § Pretends he’s escaped
§ Human sacrifice
§ Explains horse as Offering to Athena
§ Size is to prevent its being brought into T roy

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