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Seafood Sustainability > Trocino Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Trocino Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the optimal temperature range for most aquaculture species?
a. 0-10°C
b. 15-25°C
c. 30-40°C
d. 40-50°C

A

b

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2
Q

Why is salinity an important factor in aquaculture?
a. It affects the taste of the fish.
b. It impacts the osmoregulation, growth, and survival of aquatic species.
c. It determines the color of the water.
d. It influences the speed of water currents.

A

b

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3
Q

Which method is commonly used to measure the transparency of water in aquaculture systems?
a. Sand filter
b. Imhoff cone
c. Secchi disk
d. Refractometer

A

c) Secchi disk: Measures water transparency.

a) Sand filter: Purifies water by removing suspended solids.
b) Imhoff cone: Measures settleable solids in water.
c) Refractometer: Measures the concentration of dissolved substances in water (–> Salinity)

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4
Q

What is the significance of dissolved oxygen in aquaculture?
a. It is necessary for photosynthesis.
b. It is used to measure water hardness.
c. It is essential for the respiration of aquatic organisms.
d. It determines the pH of the water.

A

c

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5
Q

High levels of suspended solids in aquaculture systems can:
a. Improve water clarity
b. Clog fish gills and reduce water quality
c. Increase the oxygen levels
d. Enhance the growth of aquatic plants

A

b

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6
Q

Why is it important to monitor nitrogen compounds in aquaculture systems?
a. They enhance the taste of the fish.
b. High levels can be toxic to fish.
c. They are necessary for fish respiration.
d. They determine the water temperature.

A

b

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7
Q

What role do biological filters play in aquaculture systems?
a. They add oxygen to the water.
b. They help convert toxic nitrogen compounds into less harmful substances.
c. They measure the salinity of the water.
d. They provide food for the fish.

A

b

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8
Q

Which of the following best describes the euphotic layer?
a. The layer of water with the highest salinity.
b. The upper layer of water that receives sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis.
c. The deepest layer of water in an aquaculture pond.
d. The layer of water with the highest concentration of dissolved oxygen.

A

b

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9
Q

According to the water quality tables, what is the acceptable range for dissolved oxygen levels in most aquaculture systems?
a. 1-2 mg/L
b. 5-7 mg/L
c. 10-12 mg/L
d. 15-20 mg/L

A

b

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10
Q

The water quality tables indicate that the optimal pH range for most aquaculture species is:
a. 2-4
b. 5-7
c. 6.5-8.5
d. 9-11

A

c

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11
Q

what is the recommended maximum level of ammonia (NH₃) in aquaculture water to avoid toxicity?
a. 0.01 mg/L
b. 0.1 mg/L
c. 1 mg/L
d. 10 mg/L

A

b

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12
Q

The tables show that water transparency is ideally measured using a Secchi disk to a depth of at least:
a. 5 cm
b. 10 cm
c. 30 cm
d. 100 cm

A

c

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13
Q

Which parameter is critical to monitor to prevent hypoxia in aquaculture systems?
a. Temperature
b. Salinity
c. Dissolved oxygen
d. pH

A

c

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14
Q

What tool is commonly used to measure salinity in aquaculture systems?
a. Imhoff cone
b. Secchi disk
c. Refractometer
d. Thermometer

A

c

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15
Q

High levels of ammonia in aquaculture water can lead to:
a. Enhanced fish growth
b. Fish mortality
c. Increased water clarity
d. Reduced oxygen levels

A

b

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16
Q

Which process in biological filters helps in reducing toxic nitrogen compounds?
a. Photosynthesis
b. Nitrification
c. Sedimentation
d. Evaporation

A

b

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17
Q

Why is it important to maintain optimal pH levels in aquaculture systems?
a. It affects the color of the water.
b. It influences the metabolic rate of aquatic organisms.
c. It controls the water temperature.
d. It determines the amount of sunlight penetration.

A

b

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18
Q

Which substance is commonly used to measure water turbidity in aquaculture?
a. Secchi disk
b. Refractometer
c. Imhoff cone
d. Hydrometer

A

a

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19
Q

The primary purpose of monitoring suspended solids in aquaculture systems is to:
a. Enhance fish flavor
b. Ensure water clarity and quality
c. Increase water temperature
d. Reduce dissolved oxygen levels

A

b

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20
Q

What is the main consequence of excessive nitrogen compounds in aquaculture systems?
a. Increased fish growth
b. Algal blooms
c. Higher water temperature
d. Increased water flow

A

b

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21
Q

The water quality tables suggest that the optimal temperature range for tropical fish species is:
a. 10-15°C
b. 15-20°C
c. 20-30°C
d. 30-40°C

A

c

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22
Q

According to the water quality tables, a safe concentration of nitrite (NO₂) in aquaculture systems should not exceed:
a. 0.001 mg/L
b. 0.01 mg/L
c. 0.1 mg/L
d. 1 mg/L

A

c

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23
Q

what is the ideal range of salinity for marine aquaculture species?
a. 5-10 ppt
b. 15-20 ppt
c. 30-35 ppt
d. 40-45 ppt

A

c

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24
Q

The tables indicate that the desirable level of total suspended solids (TSS) in aquaculture systems should be below:
a. 10 mg/L
b. 25 mg/L
c. 50 mg/L
d. 100 mg/L

A

b

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25
Q

What is the optimum temperature range for the growth of salmonids (e.g., salmon, trout) in aquaculture?

a. 0-5°C
b. 5-8°C
c. 12-15°C
d. 20-25°C

A

c

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26
Q

At what temperature does the dissolved oxygen content in water at atmospheric pressure reach 8.32 mg/L?

a. 10°C
b. 15°C
c. 20°C
d. 25°C

A

d

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27
Q

Which temperature range is considered the minimum for the vital activities of carp in aquaculture?

a. 0-2°C
b. 3-5°C
c. 10-12°C
d. 20-22°C

A

c

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28
Q

Which factor is NOT affected by water temperature in aquaculture?

a. Growth rate
b. Feeding rate
c. Water salinity
d. Metabolic activity

A

c

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29
Q

At what temperature does ammonia become more toxic to fish due to increased conversion to NH₃?

a. 10°C
b. 15°C
c. 25°C
d. 30°C

A

c

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30
Q

Which of the following is considered hyperhaline water?

a. Freshwater
b. Brackish water
c. Mesohaline water
d. Seawater

A

d

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31
Q

What is the salinity level of seawater (haline) typically measured in parts per thousand (‰)?

a. 5‰
b. 10‰
c. 20‰
d. 35‰

A

d

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32
Q

What method is commonly used to measure the salinity of water in aquaculture?

a. Imhoff cone
b. Secchi disk
c. Refractometer
d. Sand filter

A

c

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33
Q

Which ion is the most abundant in seawater, contributing to its salinity?

a. Calcium
b. Potassium
c. Sodium
d. Magnesium

A

c

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34
Q

Which salinity level is considered hypohaline water?

a. <20‰
b. 20-35‰
c. 35-45‰
d. >45‰

A

a

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35
Q

What does a decrease in water transparency typically indicate in an aquaculture system?

a. Increased water temperature
b. Increased suspended solids
c. Increased oxygen levels
d. Increased salinity

A

b

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36
Q

How is the transparency of water measured using a Secchi disk?

a. By measuring the time it takes for a light to pass through the water
b. By measuring the depth at which the disk is no longer visible
c. By measuring the salinity of the water
d. By measuring the amount of ammonia in the water

A

b

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37
Q

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the transparency of water in aquaculture systems?

a. Dissolved substances
b. Suspended particles
c. Light wavelength
d. Water temperature

A

d

38
Q

What is the primary purpose of measuring water transparency in aquaculture?

a. To monitor salinity levels
b. To assess oxygen content
c. To evaluate the clarity and quality of water
d. To measure ammonia concentration

A

c

39
Q

What is the minimum dissolved oxygen level recommended for salmonids in aquaculture?

a. 0.5 mg/L
b. 1.5 mg/L
c. 3.0 mg/L
d. 5.0 mg/L

A

b

40
Q

How can dissolved oxygen levels be increased in an aquaculture system?

a. By adding more fish
b. By increasing the water temperature
c. By using mechanical aeration
d. By reducing water flow

A

c

41
Q

Which factor does NOT directly affect dissolved oxygen levels in water?

a. Water temperature
b. Water salinity
c. Atmospheric pressure
d. Fish size

A

d

42
Q

What is the optimal dissolved oxygen level for carp in aquaculture?

a. 0.5-1.0 mg/L
b. 1.5-2.0 mg/L
c. 3.0-4.0 mg/L
d. >6.0 mg/L

A

d

43
Q

What happens to the dissolved oxygen content in water as temperature increases?

a. It increases
b. It decreases
c. It remains constant
d. It fluctuates unpredictably

A

b

44
Q

What is the primary method for measuring suspended solids in water?

a. Refractometer
b. Imhoff cone
c. Secchi disk
d. Turbidimeter

A

b

45
Q

Which type of solids contribute to water turbidity and can clog fish gills?

a. Dissolved solids
b. Sedimentable solids
c. Suspended solids
d. Colloidal solids

A

c

46
Q

What is the recommended action if high levels of suspended solids are detected in an aquaculture system?

a. Increase feeding rates
b. Increase water flow and filtration
c. Decrease water temperature
d. Add more fish to the system

A

b

47
Q

What is the primary cause of increased suspended solids in aquaculture water?

a. High salinity
b. Excess feeding and organic waste
c. Low water temperature
d. High oxygen levels

A

b

48
Q

What effect do suspended solids have on water quality in aquaculture systems?

a. Increase transparency
b. Reduce photosynthesis
c. Increase oxygen levels
d. Stabilize pH levels

A

b

49
Q

What is the maximum recommended level of ammonia (NH₃) in aquaculture water to avoid toxicity?

a. 0.01 mg/L
b. 0.1 mg/L
c. 1.0 mg/L
d. 10 mg/L

A

b

50
Q

What process converts ammonia (NH₃) into nitrites (NO₂⁻) and nitrates (NO₃⁻) in water?

a. Filtration
b. Aeration
c. Nitrification
d. Sedimentation

A

c

51
Q

Which nitrogen compound is the least toxic to fish in aquaculture systems?

a. Ammonia (NH₃)
b. Ammonium (NH₄⁺)
c. Nitrite (NO₂⁻)
d. Nitrate (NO₃⁻)

A

d

52
Q

How does pH affect the toxicity of ammonia in aquaculture water?

a. Higher pH decreases toxicity
b. Higher pH increases toxicity
c. pH has no effect on toxicity
d. Lower pH increases toxicity

A

b

53
Q

What is the primary source of ammonia in aquaculture systems?

a. Decomposition of organic matter
b. Atmospheric nitrogen
c. Fish excretion
d. Plant respiration

A

c

54
Q

What is the main function of biological filters in aquaculture systems?

a. Remove suspended solids
b. Oxidize ammonia to nitrites and nitrates
c. Increase water temperature
d. Measure water salinity

A

b

55
Q

Which bacteria are primarily responsible for the nitrification process in biological filters?

a. Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter
b. Escherichia coli and Salmonella
c. Clostridium and Bacillus
d. Lactobacillus and Streptococcus

A

a

56
Q

What material is commonly used as a support for bacteria in biological filters?

a. Sand
b. Gravel
c. Expanded clay
d. Activated carbon

A

c

57
Q

How long does it typically take for a biological filter to become fully operational from a new or sterilized state?

a. 10-15 days
b. 20-30 days
c. 30-40 days
d. 50-60 days

A

d

58
Q

What is the optimal temperature range for the activity of nitrifying bacteria in biological filters?

a. 5-10°C
b. 10-15°C
c. 20-25°C
d. 25-30°C

A

c

59
Q

From a Biological Point of View, What Does Water Transparency Determine?

A

Water transparency, often measured using a Secchi disk, is a critical parameter in aquaculture as it directly affects the aquatic ecosystem. High transparency indicates low levels of suspended particles and organic matter, which can enhance the penetration of sunlight into the water. This penetration is vital for photosynthetic organisms, such as phytoplankton and aquatic plants, which form the base of the food web. Adequate sunlight promotes photosynthesis, producing oxygen and supporting the growth of these primary producers. In turn, these primary producers support higher trophic levels, including zooplankton, fish, and other aquatic organisms. Conversely, low transparency can signal high levels of turbidity due to suspended solids, algae, or pollutants, potentially reducing light penetration and thereby impacting photosynthetic activity, oxygen production, and the overall health of the aquatic environment.

60
Q

Describe the Inverse Stratification in a Water Basin

A

Inverse stratification occurs primarily in temperate and polar regions during the winter months. Unlike the typical thermal stratification seen in summer, where warmer, lighter water overlays colder, denser water, inverse stratification happens when surface water cools below the temperature of the water at greater depths. As the temperature of water decreases to near freezing, it becomes less dense (maximum density of water occurs at around 4°C). Consequently, this colder, less dense water remains on the surface, while the relatively warmer, denser water (closer to 4°C) stays below. This results in a stable layering with the coldest water at the top and progressively warmer water beneath. This stratification can impact the dissolved oxygen levels and the overall thermal structure of the water body, influencing the habitat and behavior of aquatic organisms during the winter season.

61
Q

What is the typical surface/volume ratio of sand used in biological filters?

a. 100 m²/m³
b. 400 m²/m³
c. 4000 m²/m³
d. 10000 m²/m³

A

c

62
Q

Which material typically has the highest surface/volume ratio in biological filters?

a. Sand
b. Expanded clay
c. Shells
d. Plastic materials

A

a

63
Q

Why is the surface/volume ratio important in biological filters?

a. It determines the water temperature
b. It affects the filtration speed
c. It provides more area for bacterial colonization
d. It controls the water flow rate

A

c

64
Q

What is the first step in the activation of a biological filter?

a. Adding fish to the system
b. Feeding the filter with mineral nitrogen fertilizers
c. Performing regular water exchanges
d. Cleaning the filter substrate

A

b

65
Q

Which bacteria are responsible for the initial phase of the nitrification process in biological filters?

a. Nitrobacter
b. Nitrosomonas
c. Escherichia coli
d. Lactobacillus

A

b

66
Q

How long does it take for Nitrosomonas bacteria to establish in a new biological filter?

a. 5-10 days
b. 10-20 days
c. 20-30 days
d. 30-40 days

A

c

10 - 30 days

67
Q

What is the role of Nitrobacter bacteria in the biological filter?

a. Convert ammonia to nitrite
b. Convert nitrite to nitrate
c. Decompose organic matter
d. Increase oxygen levels

A

b

68
Q

How long after Nitrosomonas do Nitrobacter bacteria begin to establish?

a. 5-10 days
b. 10-20 days
c. 20-30 days
d. 30-40 days

A

b

69
Q

What is the recommended size of a biological filter for freshwater systems based on feed intake?

a. 50 m²/kg feed
b. 100 m²/kg feed
c. 150 m²/kg feed
d. 200 m²/kg feed

A

b

70
Q

How should the size of biological filters be adjusted for brackish and marine waters?

a. Increased by 10%
b. Increased by 20%
c. Increased by 30%
d. Increased by 50%

A

c

In summary, the size of biological filters should be increased by 30% for brackish and marine waters to account for the reduced activity of nitrifying bacteria in saline conditions

71
Q

Why is it important to add 20% more filter surface area than calculated?

a. To account for unexpected increases in biomass
b. To compensate for the reduction in water temperature
c. To allow for periodical cleaning and maintenance
d. To increase the rate of nitrification

A

c

72
Q

What is the primary consideration for selecting filter media in biological filters?

a. Cost of the media
b. Surface/volume ratio
c. Color of the media
d. Weight of the media

A

b

73
Q

What is the optimal pH range for nitrifying bacteria in biological filters?

a. 4-5
b. 5-6
c. 7-9
d. 9-11

A

c

74
Q

What is the effect of nitrification on the pH of water in biological filters?

a. Increases pH
b. Decreases pH
c. Has no effect on pH
d. Fluctuates pH unpredictably

A

b

75
Q

How often should biological filters be cleaned to maintain optimal function?

a. Daily
b. Weekly
c. Monthly
d. Periodically, as needed

A

d

76
Q

What is the impact of water temperature on the activity of nitrifying bacteria in biological filters?

a. No impact
b. Activity increases with temperature
c. Activity decreases with temperature
d. Activity fluctuates unpredictably

A

b

77
Q

What should be done if the biological filter becomes clogged?

a. Increase water flow
b. Add more feed to the system
c. Perform partial cleaning of the filter
d. Replace the filter media entirely

A

c

78
Q

What is the consequence of using antibiotics in water with a biological filter?

a. Increased nitrification
b. Decreased nitrification
c. No effect on nitrification
d. Stabilized pH levels

A

b

79
Q

Which temperature range is optimal for the activity of biological filters in aquaculture systems?

a. 5-10°C
b. 10-15°C
c. 20-25°C
d. 30-35°C

A

c

80
Q

What additional step is required when starting a biological filter without fish?

a. Adding nitrifying bacteria
b. Feeding the filter with ammonium nitrate
c. Reducing water flow
d. Increasing water temperature

A

b

81
Q

What factor is NOT critical for the operation of biological filters?

a. Dissolved oxygen levels
b. Water temperature
c. pH levels
d. Salinity fluctuations

A

d

82
Q

What is the stoichiometric oxygen requirement for complete oxidation of 1 kg of ammonia in a biological filter?

a. 1.5 kg O₂
b. 2.5 kg O₂
c. 3.76 kg O₂
d. 4.5 kg O₂

A

c

(without the “safety 20%”)

83
Q

How can the activity of nitrifying bacteria be increased in a biological filter?

a. Decreasing the water temperature
b. Increasing the feed input
c. Maintaining optimal dissolved oxygen levels
d. Reducing the surface area of the filter media

A

c

84
Q

What maintenance action is recommended to prevent the complete stop of biological filter activity?

a. Cleaning the entire filter at once
b. Cleaning only a portion of the filter at a time
c. Adding more fish to the system
d. Reducing water flow to the filter

A

b

85
Q

What is the role of Nitrosomonas in biological filters?

a. Convert nitrite to nitrate
b. Convert ammonia to nitrite
c. Decompose organic matter
d. Increase oxygen levels

A

b

86
Q

What does the surface/volume ratio of filter media affect in biological filters?

a. Water temperature
b. Filtration speed
c. Bacterial colonization
d. Water flow rate

A

c

87
Q

Which phase follows the initial establishment of Nitrosomonas bacteria in a biological filter?

a. Addition of fish
b. Establishment of Nitrobacter bacteria
c. Cleaning of the filter media
d. Increase in water flow

A

b

88
Q

Why is maintaining dissolved oxygen levels critical in biological filters?

a. To reduce water salinity
b. To support the activity of nitrifying bacteria
c. To increase water temperature
d. To decrease the pH level

A

b

89
Q

What does the term ‘partial cleaning’ of a biological filter imply?

a. Cleaning the entire filter at once
b. Cleaning only a portion of the filter at a time
c. Cleaning the filter with chemicals
d. Replacing the filter media entirely

A

b

90
Q

How often should biological filters be cleaned to maintain optimal function?

a. Daily
b. Weekly
c. Monthly
d. Periodically, as needed

A

d

91
Q

What happens to the pH of water in biological filters during nitrification?

a. It increases
b. It decreases
c. It remains constant
d. It fluctuates unpredictably

A

b

92
Q

What is the first step in the activation of a biological filter?

a. Adding fish to the system
b. Feeding the filter with mineral nitrogen fertilizers
c. Performing regular water exchanges
d. Cleaning the filter substrate

A

b

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