Trigger 7: Diagnosis and treatment of TBI

Question 1

name 6 diagnosis imaging for TBI

Answer 1

1) X-ray 2) CT scan 3) MRI scan 4)EEG 5) PET scan 6) DTI

Question 2

worst form of diagnostic imaging of TBI

Answer 2

x-ray -cant see brain -can show skull damage

Question 3

CT

Answer 3

computed tomography

Question 4

CT would show

Answer 4

bleeding within the skull

Question 5

MRI scan

Answer 5

magnetic resonance imaging

Question 6

what would an MRI scan show

Answer 6

build up of fluids skull fracture

Question 7

EEG

Answer 7

electroencephalograph

Question 8

EEG is equivalent to a

Answer 8

CCG

Question 9

EEG can be used to help understand

Answer 9

epileptic seizures

Question 10

PET scan

Answer 10

positron emission tomography

Question 11

PET scans are

Answer 11

expensive and don’t tell you much more than n MRI

Question 12

DTI

Answer 12

diffusion tensor imaging

Question 13

diffusor tensoi imaging is

Answer 13

best at tell us about damage in the brain - it identified which part of the brain has been damage by isolating white matter axon tracks

Question 14

which is the least used method

Answer 14

DTI - very expensive - large equipment

Question 15

treatment immediately after injury

Answer 15

chilling the brain

Question 16

chilling the brain puts it into

Answer 16

hypothermia - NT disperse more easily at high temps, therefore cooling the brain reduces the leakage of NT

Question 17

give an example of a NT that leaks from the brain

Answer 17

glutamate

Question 18

chilling the brain also

Answer 18

slows lack of oxygen and glucose in the brain –> e.g. not working so hard so won’t need oxygen and glucose as much

Question 19

potential therapeutic target for pharmacological intervention

Answer 19

1) ameliorating the pro-inflamamtory M1-response 2) promote the anti-inflammatory M2 positive tissue remodelling

Question 20

name a drug already used which targets microglia after TBI

Answer 20

Minocyline- turns M1 into M2 Lipid lowering drugs for immnomodulation HDAC inhibitors

Question 21

Although anti-inflammatory drugs have been found to help TBI within animal models…

Answer 21

none have been found to be effective in humans

Question 22

microglial cells are the target of many

Answer 22

anti-inflammation strategies and their phenotypes are of great significance in TBI treatment

Question 23

strategies inhibiting the M1 phenotype and promoting the M2 phenotypes could

Answer 23

alleviate cerebral cell damage and help functional recovery

Question 24

statins

Answer 24

lipid lowering drug

Question 25

name three example drugs

Answer 25

1) Mincocyline 2) Statins 3) HDAC inhibitors

Question 26

mincocyline

Answer 26

used to prevent inflammation by inhibiting microglial activation

Question 27

statins are thought to

Answer 27

help prevent inflammation by attenuating microglia and astrocyte activation- decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1B, IL-6 and TNF-a

Question 28

statins inhibit

Answer 28

pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1B, IL-6 and TNF-a

Question 29

HDAC inhitotrs

Answer 29

inhibit HDAC and activate gene transcription

Question 30

HDAC

Answer 30

remove acetyl group on a histone, causing tighter DNA wrapping around histone suppressing gene transcriptions

Question 31

HDAC simple

Answer 31

inhibit gene transcription

Question 32

HDAC convert relaxed chromatin to condensed chromatin by

Answer 32

catalysing the removal of acetyl group on the histone

Question 33

relaxed chromatin

Answer 33

transcriptional activation

Question 34

condensed chromatin

Answer 34

transcriptional repression

Question 35

what adds acetyl group back onto a histone causing chromatin to relax

Answer 35

HATs

Question 36

HDAC inhibitors and TBI

Answer 36

revents white matter injury by modulating microglia/macrophage polarization