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trials study Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

maintaining relatively stable internal conditions within the body

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2
Q

what is the average temp of human body?

A

37 degrees

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3
Q

process of punctuated equilibrium?

A

fluctuating rates of evolution–> marked by periods

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4
Q

feedback mechanism

A

heat: stimulus–> receptor–> control centre (hypothalamus) –> effector (shivering, sweating) –> temp decrease/increase

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5
Q

first line defence barrier:

A

skin, mucus

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6
Q

how does punctuated equilibrium differ from Darwin’s process?

A

occurring intermittently, not a gradual change (sometimes rapid or slow periods)

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7
Q

what did Sutton, Boveri and Morgan do?

A

Morgan: fruit flies –> sex-linked chromosomes, eye colour on X/Y chromosome
Sutton: grasshopper–> random assortment of genes in meiosis
Boveri: urchin –> meiosis, complete set of chromosomes for normal growth, genes on chromosomes

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8
Q

watson and crick?

A

DNA shape–> double helix and nitrogenous bases

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9
Q

which pathogen is used to transfer desirable gene?

A

bacteria share their plasmids

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10
Q

transgenic species?

A

DNA from certain organism is inserted into another organism for certain desirable trait

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11
Q

natural selection eg:

A

antibiotic resistance: bacteria

insects develop resistance to DDT

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12
Q

artificial selection:

A

cows getting bigger

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13
Q

process to produce transgenic species eg:

A
  1. The desirable gene coding for bovine growth hormone is identified on the chromosome and remove using specialised restriction enzymes.
  2. Regulatory promoter sequences are added which allow the isolated gene to function and be expressed.
  3. Multiple copies of the gene are made using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Alternatively you can clone using a bacterial plasmid.
  4. The gene is inserted into the egg cell of the salmon using microinjection, a gene gun or viral vector.
  5. The gene for BGH is expressed in the salmon offspring.
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14
Q

characteristics of a: prion

A
  • smallest pathogen, protein which causes disease, non living and don’t have DNA
  • infect by distorting shape of healthy protein
  • usually found in brain
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15
Q

characteristics of a: virus

A
  • non/living
  • DNA encased in protein
  • non cellular
  • very small, must reproduce by hijacking host cell and injecting its DNA
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16
Q

characteristics of a: fungus

A
  • both uni/multi-celled eukaryotes
  • have cell wall/membrane
  • tiny: yeast to large:mushrooms
  • reproduces by spores, a/sexual reproduction
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17
Q

characteristics of a: bacteria

A
  • single-celled prokaryote
  • have cell wall too
  • binary fission and asexual reproduction
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18
Q

characteristics of a: macroparasite

A
  • seen with naked eye
  • multicelled Eurkaryotic
  • ENDOparisite: living inside the body
  • ECTOparasite: external, suck blood
  • may be vector too
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19
Q

eg. and method of contraction/ treatment: fungus

A

thrush, tinea, mould,ringworm

contract by: contact, contaminated water
treat: antifungal medicine/creams

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20
Q

eg. and method of contraction/ treatment: virus

A

eg: HIV AIDS, measles, SARS

contraction: bodily fluids, cough/sneeze
antiviral drugs, vaccines, DIFFICULT THO- KILL HOST CELL TOO

21
Q

eg. and method of contraction/ treatment: bacteria

A

contract by: contaminated food, airbourne, bodily fluid

eg: Salmonella, Tuberculosis
treatment: antibiotics, bacteriophages, hygiene

22
Q

eg. and method of contraction/ treatment: macroparisite

A

eg: ENDO: tapeworm
ECTO: fleas, ticks, lice

treatment: antiparasite drugs, surgery

23
Q

what is validity?

A

if it tests the aim properly, all factors controlled to test one factor, suitable equipment used

24
Q

what is reliability?

A

whether results are consistent, repeating, using large sample size

25
Q

what is the difference between divergent and convergent evolution?

A

divergent: evolved from common ancestor are becomes more and more different
convergent: due to natural selection/environmental pressures = unrelated species develop similar characteristics

26
Q

eg of convergent/divergent evolution:

A

divergent: Darwin’s finches
convergent: Shark (fish) and dolphin (mammal), adapted to highly viscous waters/ streamlined body and fins to propel in water

27
Q

where does mutation effect?

A

DNA replication process

28
Q

difference between polypeptide, protein and amino acids:

A

amino acids = make polypeptide
polypeptide is joined by peptide bonds = no structure
protein= polypeptide folded into particular structure

29
Q

what is colour blindness?

A

lack of photopsins in cones/ irregular functioning

red/green: can’t distinguish red/green from absence of cone

30
Q

myopia and how to fix:

A

short sight:

eyeball is too long, concave lens to diverge light

31
Q

hyperopia and how to fix:

A

long sight:

eye ball is too short/round, convex lens to converge light

32
Q

cataracts: cause, appearance, effect, cure:

A

injury/trauma to eye, aging

cloudy, yellowish

visual clarity fades, go blind if untreated

intraocular lens, easy surgery

33
Q

eustachian tube:

A

connects throat to middle ear, equalize air pressure with outside/middle ear

34
Q

sound shadow significance:

A

from difference in sound volume and time arriving, work out direction

35
Q

parts of hearing aid/energy transfer:

A

microphone, speaker, amplifier

sound –> electrical –> amplified sound

36
Q

parts of cochlear implant/energy transfer:

A

transmitter, microphone, processor, implant

sound–> electrical signal

37
Q

health:

A

complete physical, social and mental well being

38
Q

genes: how does it assist maintaining health?

A

ensuring correct proteins are made

39
Q

mitosis:: how does it assist maintaining health?

A

repair tissue, growth

40
Q

cell differentiation/ specialisation: how does it assist maintaining health?

A

differentiation: mature cells have specific function,
specialisation: genes necessary will switch on

41
Q

why is personal hygiene important?

A

body openings are clean, pathogens entering are reduced, reduce transmission of disease

42
Q

why clean water and food important?

A

food and water are easiest way for pathogens to enter the body, reducing risk of infection

water allows pathogens to multiply easily

43
Q

water treatment eg:

A

primary filtration: wire rack–> large particles

coagulation agent: solids clump in water and sink (soil/faeces) sped up by flocculation (spins)

sedimentation: solids removed and drained -> compost
filtration: fine filter trap most small particles (eg. protozoa)
disinfection: chlorine kill virus/bacteria, fluoride added

44
Q

Pasteur’s cont:

A

“germ theory”
disproved spontaneous generation–> swan neck flasks, microbes from air

mircoorganisms cause decay

45
Q

Koch’s cont:

A

particular microbes will cause particular disease (cholera, tuberculosis)

anthrax in sheep/ vaccine

46
Q

Koch’s postulates:

A
  • supposed microbe causing disease is present in all sick organisms
  • able to be isolated and grown in pure culture
  • microbe from pure culture when injected into healthy organism cause disease
  • reproduced disease should e identical to original culture
47
Q

infectious disease eg: cause, tranmission, host response, major symptoms, treatment, prevention, control

A

Malaria:
“bad air”= Plasmodium (protozoa) carried by Anopheles mosquito, invade red blood cells, cause chills, nausea, fever, vomiting

host response: fever 41deg destroy enzymes

prevention: remove stagnant water/ mosquito nets, fly screen
treatment: quinine, chloro-quinine, anti-malarial drugs
control: draining swamps, insecticides, genetically modified mosquitoes,

48
Q

how antibiotics work:

A

in cell of bacteria: stop forming cell wall, destroy cell membrane, stop protein synthesis

Biology HSC (7 decks)

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