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HSC study Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where is xylem and phloem located, and special features:

A

phloem: outside, with sieve and companion cells
xylem: inside of vascular bundle, stiff walls

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2
Q

antigen?

A

special marker on cells, differentiate between own somatic cells/ foreign pathogens

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3
Q

transgenic def:

A

inserting gene into new species, 2 different species

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4
Q

sugar and phosphate differentiate:

A

sugar: bigger connected to bases
phosphate: smaller to sugar

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5
Q

nephron quick process:

A

filtration, re-absorption, secretion

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6
Q

chromosomal theory of inheritance?

A

Gregor Mendel

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7
Q

advantages: artificial blood

A

no cross matching, don’t need fridge,

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8
Q

ectotherm and action when decrease in temp:

A

eastern brown snake, basks in sun

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9
Q

why does water need to be regulated in cells?

A

used to regulate solutes, maintain good conc. for metabolic functioning

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10
Q

ADH from where and function:

A

pituity gland, WATER reabsorbtion, urine conc

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11
Q

aldosterone from where/function:

A

from adrenal glands, SALT reabsorbtion

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12
Q

infectious disease eg. and host response eg.

A

common flu, infiltrated body, phagocytes engulf any foreign material and digest

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13
Q

quarantine def:

A

strategy used to prevent spread/ exposure of disease to healthy organism

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14
Q

vaccination def:

A

used to prepare organism’s immune system to fight if infected, more efficient

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15
Q

heamoglobin function:

A

protein used to transport oxygen effectively through the body, one= 4 oxygen

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16
Q

human body part for sound production

A

larynx in throat

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17
Q

how does vocal chords change sounds

A

through air passing the throat, causes vocal chords to vibrate, tension changes frequency

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18
Q

accomodation prac:

A

cardboard= retina
candle= image reflected
lens: concave/biconcave= thickness of human lens

thick: closer candle
thin: move away

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19
Q

action potential process:

A

need stimulus, trigger response–> flood of sodium from outer (more positive) changing charge, pass down neuron

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20
Q

neuron vs nerve

A

neuron - single

nerve - bunch of neurons

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21
Q

technology eg:

A

contact lens:

worn externally, create normal conditions to see

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22
Q

adaptive radiation explain:

A

one species, mutations allowed to occupy new niche (lower partial oxygen level in mammal), can live in higher altitudes/ survival advantage, pass genes, isolated become new species

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23
Q

human eye wavelength

A

380- 780mm

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24
Q

hearing freq human:

A

20-20 000hz

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25
Q

eye receptor and process:

A

cones (red, green, blue), rods (light/dark)–> receptors in fovea, optic nerve –> brain - back occipital lobe

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26
Q

where does brain process: sight

A

back, occipital lobe

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27
Q

where does brain process: speech, movement, emotion, problem solving

A

frontal lobe (front half), also reasoning, planning

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28
Q

where does brain process: perceive auditory stimuli, memory

A

temporal (middle bottom), ears

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29
Q

where does brain process: movement, recognition, stimuli

A

pareital lobe (top middle) next to frontal

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30
Q

where does brain process: coordination

A

cerebellum (extra lump)

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31
Q

where does brain process: unconcious functions (heart)

A

medulla oblongata (long stem under pons)

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32
Q

where does brain process: left/right brain communication

A

pons (large lump on stem)

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33
Q

sound receptor:

A

cochlea

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34
Q

sound process:

A

sound in air- pinna –> tympanic membrane –> malleus, incus, stapes –> oval window –> cochlear (organ of corti) –> electro chemical to auditory nerve

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35
Q

two models for enzyme/substrate eg

A

induced: active site changes to fit substrate

lock and key: fixed active site, must be perfect to substrate to bind

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36
Q

homeostasis:

A

keeping internal functions in regulated state for optimum functioning

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37
Q

negative feedback loop:

A

stimulus - receptor - control centre - effector - response

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38
Q

endotherm eg. hot/ cold

A

Red kangeroo:
hot- sweating, vasodilation, licking forearms, conc. urine

cold- insulating fur

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39
Q

ectotherm eg. hot/cold

A

Blue tongue lizard:
hot- seek shade
cold- bask, flatten body

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40
Q

plants temp regulation:

A

eucalyptus- drooping leaves, small, sunken stomate

deciduous- lose leaves

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41
Q

blood composition:

A

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells

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42
Q

plasma transports:

A

urea, carbon dioxide

salts, amino acids, lipids, sugars, hormones

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43
Q

WBC and platelets

A

WBC - larger, less no. (1:600 RBC) has nucleus and fight disease
platelet clot blood

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44
Q

RBC

A

carry oxygen (oxyheamoglobin), when high conc. of CO2, changes shape of heamoglobin (has iron) –> drops oxygen and picks CO2 to lungs

donut shape, no nucleus

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45
Q

sizes: WBC

A

11 micrometre

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46
Q

size RBC

A

7 micrometre

47
Q

types of WBC:

A

phagocyte- moves freely, eat foreign pathogens, sites of injury

lymphocyte- make antibodies, specifically against foreign material

48
Q

pulse oximeter:

A

measure oxygen pumped FROM heart (arterial)

uses 2 lights (red, infrared) into finger, absorb light into haemoglobin, NON INVASIVE, fast accurate

49
Q

arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis:

A

oxygen saturation, conc. of CO2 and pH, sample of blood, INVASIVE, delay in time

50
Q

capillary, vein and artery features:

A

c- thin, one cell big, gas exchange
v- thinner muscle, one way valves, less pressure
a- thick walled, high pressure, elastic

51
Q

blood movement:

A

body, heart, lungs, heart, body,

52
Q

blood donation products:

A

RBC: boost oxygen transport (anemia, blood loss)
WBC: immune system (severe infection)
platelets: clotting (leaukemia, severe blood loss)
plasma: blood volume (blood loss)

53
Q

artificial blood disadv:

A

needs to be sterile, disease free, able to accepted/adopted by patient

54
Q

cohesion-tension theory:

A

water: polar molecule (+ - uneven), arranges so attract, cohesion- sticks to itself, transpiration/ pulled up

55
Q

transpiration stream:

A

water enter roots airs (osmosis)

root cortex –> xylem, transpiration pulls water into leaf, mesophyll (osmosis), stomata leaves

56
Q

pressure flow hypothesis:

A

sap moves through phloem (from differing hydrostatic pressure)

source–> sieve tube (brings water) increase hydrostatic pressure= flow, to sink (ACTIVE) moves sugars into roots, water move out

57
Q

sinks vs sources:

A

sink: where plant store sugars (root, fruit)
source: produce sugars (leaves -> photosynthesis)

58
Q

nephron detail process:

A

filtration: high pressure force out plasma (urea, glucose) in glomerulus
reabsorption: minerals reabsorbed (amino acids, water/salts) in tubule
secretion: substances not removed into proximal/distal tubles

59
Q

hybridisation and eg:

A

combining two desirable characteristics from same species into one

Brahman + Hereford cow = Bradford (better meat, combat drought and ticks)

60
Q

Sutton / Boveri

A

Sutton: grasshopper –> chromosomes in cell division/fertilisation same as Mendel’s factors,

Boveri: urchin, needed complete set for normal functioning

61
Q

meosis stages:

A

I P MAT

62
Q

environmet on phenotype:

A

hydrangeas: acidic- blue, basic- pink

63
Q

protein replication:

A

transcription: DNA acts as template for mRNA (single strand) CODONS
translation: mRNA - ribosome, anti-codons tRNA take amino acids - polypeptide chain

64
Q

transgenic species eg:

A

Bt (bacterium) resist insect attacks, don’t need spray

65
Q

ethical issues:

A

ethically immoral- human genes
companines putting patents, profit
outcompete natural crops, not natural, side effects

66
Q

Pasteur experiment:

A

disprove spontaneous generation, swan flask -
food decay by air-bourne microbes
experiement, Anthrax- created vaccination (50 sheep, 25 with weak, they survived)

67
Q

prion eg: shape

A

twisted protein

Cruetzfeld Jacobs disease (CJD)

68
Q

virus eg:

A

DNA with protein case, influenza

69
Q

protazoan:

A

single celled, eukaryotic, malaria

70
Q

bacteria:

A

single celled, prokaryotic, anthrax

71
Q

fungi:

A

tinea (athletes foot)

72
Q

macroparasite:

A

ectotherm: lice (worse if vector)
endotherm: tapeworm

73
Q

malaria cause, symptoms

A

anopheles mosquito carrying plasmodium (protazoa)

infect RBC, shivering, headaches, nausea

74
Q

malaria host response, treatment, prevention, control

A

host: antibodies to fight, ineffective - changes antigens
treatment: quinine, chloro
prevent: mosquito nets, clothing, repellant
control: draining stagnant water

75
Q

first line defence:

A

skin: sheds, microflora,
mucous: trap pathogens: urinary, digestive, reproductive tracts
cilia: (nose) hairs movement of mucous , cough/swallow pathogens

76
Q

second line defence:

A

non specific:
INFLAMMATION: hurt cells trigger histamine, blood dilates (phagocytes/clotting), heat,

PHAGOCYTOSIS: eat pathogens

APOPTOSIS: told (put antigens attract) or seal off with cell wall, digested by phagocytes

77
Q

third line defence: lymphocytes (B)

A

plasma: make antibodies, fight pathogens in body/humoral fluid

memory B

78
Q

third line defence: lymphocytes (T)

A

helper T: help phagocytes set off immune response (make plasma B, cytoxic T)
cytotoxic T: attack affected body cells
suppressor T: stop immune response
memory T

79
Q

small pox:

A

infectious disease extinct in 1977 after worldwide death

80
Q

polio:

A

paralyse limbs, nearly eradicated in 1950s, only some Africa

81
Q

diptheria:

A

infectious bacteria: nerve and heart problems, eradicated in 1970s

82
Q

epidomology def:

A

looking how epidemic in population spread/cause in patterns/correlation

83
Q

eg epidomology:

A

1950s suggested tobacco = lung cancer, public awareness lowered

84
Q

lung cancer:

A

cause: carcinogens like benzene in tobacco
effect: tumours, in lungs - death

85
Q

hemophilia:

A

recessive linked gene, inherited
no stop clotting, can be fatal
2-3 injections/wk of blood clot

86
Q

scurvy:

A

nutritional: insufficient diet (anorexia, obesity)

lack of Vit C, cause skin/hair nails fall out (collagen)

87
Q

melanoma:

A

environmental:

UV radiation to skin, cause irregular moles/ tumors

88
Q

quarantine success eg:

A

foot and mouth disease- cows/shepp never in Australia

89
Q

pathogen damage on plants:

A

eucalptus rust: fungal
gall: grwoth/swelling
leaf miner: fungal
blight: death of tissue

90
Q

shift of prevention to control why? eg animal and plant

A

more effective, easier to fix before disease happens:

Malaria: control– quinine, chloroquinine
prevent: stagnant water, genetic engineering

Cavandish: genetic engineered to resist Panama disease (killed Gros Michelle)

CRISPR cheaper

91
Q

conjuctiva and sclera:

A

con: membrane protecting eye/eyelids
sclera: tough white part, protect eye

92
Q

cornea/ choroid:

A

cor: refract light, thick transparent
chor: black inside sclera stop excess light

93
Q

retina/iris

A

inner layer, collects light–> optic nerve

iris: coloured front of eye, opening size of pupil

94
Q

pupil/lens

A

pupil: opening, light
lens: changeable thickness, focus light onto retina

95
Q

aqueous/vitreous humour and where?

A

refract light/ maintain shape

aq: front
vit: back

96
Q

cilliary body:

A

hold/ shape lens

97
Q

optic nerve:

A

connect eye to occipital lobe in brain

98
Q

bee eye:

A

ommatidia 670, mosiac, movement/ colour, large view

99
Q

planarian eye:

A

cup eye, not pigment, light/direction

100
Q

colour for communication animal eg. breed, warn, food

A

male satin bowerbird, nice nest of twigs, dancing
dart frog: bright red
food: flowers/ fruits

101
Q

fish detect vs insect detect vibration:

A

fish- lateral line sensory organ: canals down body, pressure waves in water distort cells

grasshopper- tactile bristiles on legs/wings, stridulation tympanum on leg , antennaes

102
Q

myopia and fix:

A

eyeball too long (short sight) need concave lens

103
Q

hyperopia and fix:

A

eyeball too short, (long sight) need convex

104
Q

cataract cause/fix:

A

lens cloudy, Uv light,
replaced with IOL

Fred Hollows Foundation for Asia/Africa

105
Q

fish make sound:

A

swim bladder, vibrate or clicking with fin/gill

106
Q

hearing aid: energy transfer

A

ear canal: sound waves- microphone amplifies - earphone in canal - normal pathway

107
Q

cochlea: energy transfer

A

soundwave - microphone - electrical code - processor - stimulate electric nerves - auditory nerve

108
Q

hearing aid limitations

A

does not restore hearing, amplifies, short term, if hair cells dead, wont work

109
Q

cochlear limitation:

A

expensive, invasive, need re training

110
Q

dendrites/ myelin sheath:

A

den: receive electrochemical signals from others
myelin: protective coating, quicken tranfer of signal

111
Q

Node of Ranviar:

A

quickens jump

112
Q

axon terminal:

A

connect to dendrites, neuro transmitters

113
Q

resting potential no.

A

-70 mV

114
Q

mV above for action potentional:

A

55 mV

Biology HSC (7 decks)

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