HSC study Flashcards
where is xylem and phloem located, and special features:
phloem: outside, with sieve and companion cells
xylem: inside of vascular bundle, stiff walls
antigen?
special marker on cells, differentiate between own somatic cells/ foreign pathogens
transgenic def:
inserting gene into new species, 2 different species
sugar and phosphate differentiate:
sugar: bigger connected to bases
phosphate: smaller to sugar
nephron quick process:
filtration, re-absorption, secretion
chromosomal theory of inheritance?
Gregor Mendel
advantages: artificial blood
no cross matching, don’t need fridge,
ectotherm and action when decrease in temp:
eastern brown snake, basks in sun
why does water need to be regulated in cells?
used to regulate solutes, maintain good conc. for metabolic functioning
ADH from where and function:
pituity gland, WATER reabsorbtion, urine conc
aldosterone from where/function:
from adrenal glands, SALT reabsorbtion
infectious disease eg. and host response eg.
common flu, infiltrated body, phagocytes engulf any foreign material and digest
quarantine def:
strategy used to prevent spread/ exposure of disease to healthy organism
vaccination def:
used to prepare organism’s immune system to fight if infected, more efficient
heamoglobin function:
protein used to transport oxygen effectively through the body, one= 4 oxygen
human body part for sound production
larynx in throat
how does vocal chords change sounds
through air passing the throat, causes vocal chords to vibrate, tension changes frequency
accomodation prac:
cardboard= retina
candle= image reflected
lens: concave/biconcave= thickness of human lens
thick: closer candle
thin: move away
action potential process:
need stimulus, trigger response–> flood of sodium from outer (more positive) changing charge, pass down neuron
neuron vs nerve
neuron - single
nerve - bunch of neurons
technology eg:
contact lens:
worn externally, create normal conditions to see
adaptive radiation explain:
one species, mutations allowed to occupy new niche (lower partial oxygen level in mammal), can live in higher altitudes/ survival advantage, pass genes, isolated become new species
human eye wavelength
380- 780mm
hearing freq human:
20-20 000hz
eye receptor and process:
cones (red, green, blue), rods (light/dark)–> receptors in fovea, optic nerve –> brain - back occipital lobe
where does brain process: sight
back, occipital lobe
where does brain process: speech, movement, emotion, problem solving
frontal lobe (front half), also reasoning, planning
where does brain process: perceive auditory stimuli, memory
temporal (middle bottom), ears
where does brain process: movement, recognition, stimuli
pareital lobe (top middle) next to frontal
where does brain process: coordination
cerebellum (extra lump)
where does brain process: unconcious functions (heart)
medulla oblongata (long stem under pons)
where does brain process: left/right brain communication
pons (large lump on stem)
sound receptor:
cochlea
sound process:
sound in air- pinna –> tympanic membrane –> malleus, incus, stapes –> oval window –> cochlear (organ of corti) –> electro chemical to auditory nerve
two models for enzyme/substrate eg
induced: active site changes to fit substrate
lock and key: fixed active site, must be perfect to substrate to bind
homeostasis:
keeping internal functions in regulated state for optimum functioning
negative feedback loop:
stimulus - receptor - control centre - effector - response
endotherm eg. hot/ cold
Red kangeroo:
hot- sweating, vasodilation, licking forearms, conc. urine
cold- insulating fur
ectotherm eg. hot/cold
Blue tongue lizard:
hot- seek shade
cold- bask, flatten body
plants temp regulation:
eucalyptus- drooping leaves, small, sunken stomate
deciduous- lose leaves
blood composition:
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells
plasma transports:
urea, carbon dioxide
salts, amino acids, lipids, sugars, hormones
WBC and platelets
WBC - larger, less no. (1:600 RBC) has nucleus and fight disease
platelet clot blood
RBC
carry oxygen (oxyheamoglobin), when high conc. of CO2, changes shape of heamoglobin (has iron) –> drops oxygen and picks CO2 to lungs
donut shape, no nucleus
sizes: WBC
11 micrometre
size RBC
7 micrometre
types of WBC:
phagocyte- moves freely, eat foreign pathogens, sites of injury
lymphocyte- make antibodies, specifically against foreign material
pulse oximeter:
measure oxygen pumped FROM heart (arterial)
uses 2 lights (red, infrared) into finger, absorb light into haemoglobin, NON INVASIVE, fast accurate
arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis:
oxygen saturation, conc. of CO2 and pH, sample of blood, INVASIVE, delay in time
capillary, vein and artery features:
c- thin, one cell big, gas exchange
v- thinner muscle, one way valves, less pressure
a- thick walled, high pressure, elastic
blood movement:
body, heart, lungs, heart, body,
blood donation products:
RBC: boost oxygen transport (anemia, blood loss)
WBC: immune system (severe infection)
platelets: clotting (leaukemia, severe blood loss)
plasma: blood volume (blood loss)
artificial blood disadv:
needs to be sterile, disease free, able to accepted/adopted by patient
cohesion-tension theory:
water: polar molecule (+ - uneven), arranges so attract, cohesion- sticks to itself, transpiration/ pulled up
transpiration stream:
water enter roots airs (osmosis)
root cortex –> xylem, transpiration pulls water into leaf, mesophyll (osmosis), stomata leaves
pressure flow hypothesis:
sap moves through phloem (from differing hydrostatic pressure)
source–> sieve tube (brings water) increase hydrostatic pressure= flow, to sink (ACTIVE) moves sugars into roots, water move out
sinks vs sources:
sink: where plant store sugars (root, fruit)
source: produce sugars (leaves -> photosynthesis)
nephron detail process:
filtration: high pressure force out plasma (urea, glucose) in glomerulus
reabsorption: minerals reabsorbed (amino acids, water/salts) in tubule
secretion: substances not removed into proximal/distal tubles
hybridisation and eg:
combining two desirable characteristics from same species into one
Brahman + Hereford cow = Bradford (better meat, combat drought and ticks)
Sutton / Boveri
Sutton: grasshopper –> chromosomes in cell division/fertilisation same as Mendel’s factors,
Boveri: urchin, needed complete set for normal functioning
meosis stages:
I P MAT
environmet on phenotype:
hydrangeas: acidic- blue, basic- pink
protein replication:
transcription: DNA acts as template for mRNA (single strand) CODONS
translation: mRNA - ribosome, anti-codons tRNA take amino acids - polypeptide chain
transgenic species eg:
Bt (bacterium) resist insect attacks, don’t need spray
ethical issues:
ethically immoral- human genes
companines putting patents, profit
outcompete natural crops, not natural, side effects
Pasteur experiment:
disprove spontaneous generation, swan flask -
food decay by air-bourne microbes
experiement, Anthrax- created vaccination (50 sheep, 25 with weak, they survived)
prion eg: shape
twisted protein
Cruetzfeld Jacobs disease (CJD)
virus eg:
DNA with protein case, influenza
protazoan:
single celled, eukaryotic, malaria
bacteria:
single celled, prokaryotic, anthrax
fungi:
tinea (athletes foot)
macroparasite:
ectotherm: lice (worse if vector)
endotherm: tapeworm
malaria cause, symptoms
anopheles mosquito carrying plasmodium (protazoa)
infect RBC, shivering, headaches, nausea
malaria host response, treatment, prevention, control
host: antibodies to fight, ineffective - changes antigens
treatment: quinine, chloro
prevent: mosquito nets, clothing, repellant
control: draining stagnant water
first line defence:
skin: sheds, microflora,
mucous: trap pathogens: urinary, digestive, reproductive tracts
cilia: (nose) hairs movement of mucous , cough/swallow pathogens
second line defence:
non specific:
INFLAMMATION: hurt cells trigger histamine, blood dilates (phagocytes/clotting), heat,
PHAGOCYTOSIS: eat pathogens
APOPTOSIS: told (put antigens attract) or seal off with cell wall, digested by phagocytes
third line defence: lymphocytes (B)
plasma: make antibodies, fight pathogens in body/humoral fluid
memory B
third line defence: lymphocytes (T)
helper T: help phagocytes set off immune response (make plasma B, cytoxic T)
cytotoxic T: attack affected body cells
suppressor T: stop immune response
memory T
small pox:
infectious disease extinct in 1977 after worldwide death
polio:
paralyse limbs, nearly eradicated in 1950s, only some Africa
diptheria:
infectious bacteria: nerve and heart problems, eradicated in 1970s
epidomology def:
looking how epidemic in population spread/cause in patterns/correlation
eg epidomology:
1950s suggested tobacco = lung cancer, public awareness lowered
lung cancer:
cause: carcinogens like benzene in tobacco
effect: tumours, in lungs - death
hemophilia:
recessive linked gene, inherited
no stop clotting, can be fatal
2-3 injections/wk of blood clot
scurvy:
nutritional: insufficient diet (anorexia, obesity)
lack of Vit C, cause skin/hair nails fall out (collagen)
melanoma:
environmental:
UV radiation to skin, cause irregular moles/ tumors
quarantine success eg:
foot and mouth disease- cows/shepp never in Australia
pathogen damage on plants:
eucalptus rust: fungal
gall: grwoth/swelling
leaf miner: fungal
blight: death of tissue
shift of prevention to control why? eg animal and plant
more effective, easier to fix before disease happens:
Malaria: control– quinine, chloroquinine
prevent: stagnant water, genetic engineering
Cavandish: genetic engineered to resist Panama disease (killed Gros Michelle)
CRISPR cheaper
conjuctiva and sclera:
con: membrane protecting eye/eyelids
sclera: tough white part, protect eye
cornea/ choroid:
cor: refract light, thick transparent
chor: black inside sclera stop excess light
retina/iris
inner layer, collects light–> optic nerve
iris: coloured front of eye, opening size of pupil
pupil/lens
pupil: opening, light
lens: changeable thickness, focus light onto retina
aqueous/vitreous humour and where?
refract light/ maintain shape
aq: front
vit: back
cilliary body:
hold/ shape lens
optic nerve:
connect eye to occipital lobe in brain
bee eye:
ommatidia 670, mosiac, movement/ colour, large view
planarian eye:
cup eye, not pigment, light/direction
colour for communication animal eg. breed, warn, food
male satin bowerbird, nice nest of twigs, dancing
dart frog: bright red
food: flowers/ fruits
fish detect vs insect detect vibration:
fish- lateral line sensory organ: canals down body, pressure waves in water distort cells
grasshopper- tactile bristiles on legs/wings, stridulation tympanum on leg , antennaes
myopia and fix:
eyeball too long (short sight) need concave lens
hyperopia and fix:
eyeball too short, (long sight) need convex
cataract cause/fix:
lens cloudy, Uv light,
replaced with IOL
Fred Hollows Foundation for Asia/Africa
fish make sound:
swim bladder, vibrate or clicking with fin/gill
hearing aid: energy transfer
ear canal: sound waves- microphone amplifies - earphone in canal - normal pathway
cochlea: energy transfer
soundwave - microphone - electrical code - processor - stimulate electric nerves - auditory nerve
hearing aid limitations
does not restore hearing, amplifies, short term, if hair cells dead, wont work
cochlear limitation:
expensive, invasive, need re training
dendrites/ myelin sheath:
den: receive electrochemical signals from others
myelin: protective coating, quicken tranfer of signal
Node of Ranviar:
quickens jump
axon terminal:
connect to dendrites, neuro transmitters
resting potential no.
-70 mV
mV above for action potentional:
55 mV
