Trials Flashcards
Colour Range of Universal Indicator
Red - Purple
Colour Range of Phenolphthalein
Colourless - Pink; colour change [8.3 - 10]
Colour Range of Methyl Orange
Red - Yellow; colour change [3.1 - 4.4]
Colour Range of Bromothymol Blue
Yellow - (Green) - Blue; colour change [6.0 - 7.6]
Recall the properties of a standard solution
- High purity
- Accurately known chemical composition
- Free of moisture (does not absorb water, which would reduce purity)
- Chemically stable
- High molar weight (variations in mass have reduced effect on moles)
In preparation for titration, recall rinsing
Volumetric Flask - Distilled water (water is added eventually to the graduation mark)
Burette - Distilled water + Titrant
Pipette - Solution
Conical Flask - Distilled water
Recall equivalence point
The point in titration where the acid and base react in their stoichiometric ratios
Recall end point
The point in titration where a permanent colour change begins to be observed
Recall aldehyde
An aldehyde [-al] has a carbonyl group bonded to a terminal carbon and a hydrogen atom; CHO
Recall ketone
A ketone [-one] has a carbonyl group bonded to carbons
Recall carboxylic acid
A carboxylic acid [-oic] has a carboxyl group bonded to a terminal carbon; COOH
Recall esters
Esters are formed in acid [concentrationed sulfuric acid] catalysed condensation reactions called esterification (reactants: alkanol + alkanoic acid; product: ester + water)
Alkyl alkanoate
Carbonyl group bonded to the alkanoate
Reversible reaction; reflux surrounded by a condenser.
Hydrogen or hydroxide ions as catalyst
Recall amine
An amine [-amine] has a nitrogen atom bonded to carbon and hydrogen atoms
Recall amide
An amide [-amide] has a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom, which is bonded to hydrogen or alkyl groups
Order the homologous groups in increasing boiling points
- Hydrocarbons
- Halogenated hydrocarbons
- Amines
- Esters, ketones, aldehydes
- Alcohols
- Carbonxylic acids
- Amides
Stater Markovnikov’s Rule
The proton (H) is attached to the carbon atom with greater number of adjacent hydrogen atoms.
Which addition reaction(s) of alkenes requires a catalyst
Hydrogenation of alkene [metal catalyst Pt or Pd/C]
Hydration of alkene [weak acid catalyst (stong acids, e.g. HCl will react)]; forms an alcohol
Combustion of hydrocarbons
In general, the combustion of hydrocarbons produces water vapour and carbon dioxide
Substitution reaction of alkanes
Under UV as a source of energy; not catalyst:
Alkane + Halogen –> Halogenated Alkane
Preference to displace tertiary and secondary hydrogens
Recall the bromine water test
The bromine water test is a test to differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
Under conditions without UV light, an alkane cannot undergo a substitution reaction with bromine water but an addition reaction can occur
Decolourises from orange to colourless
Explain why alcohols become more non-polar as the size increases
Alcohols consist of a non-polar and a polar region, with the hydroxide causing the polar region. As the alcohol increases in size, the non-polar region dominates the polar hydroxide
Thus as the size of the alcohol increases, it becomes less soluble in water
Given a halogenated hydrocarbon, how can an alcohol be formed?
The halogenated hydrocarbon can undergo a substitution reaction in a solution of hydroxide ions or water as the hydroxide ions will displace the halogen
Recall the chemical process of fermentation
Fermentation is an anaerobic reaction [without oxygen]
Carbohydrate [Glucose] –> Alcohol [Ethanol] + Carbon Dioxide
Conditions:
- Yeast
- Acidic environment
True or False. Oxidation of ketones is arduous
True.
