trematodes and cestodes (exam 2) Flashcards
Ascardia host
chickens and young birds
Ascardia type of parasite
nematode - roundworm
Ascardia life cycle and infective stage
direct – L2 in the egg
Ascardia paratenic hosts
earthworms
Ascardia transmission
earthworm paratenic host or PER OS
where do adult Ascardia live
small intestine
Ascardia pathogenesis
they are large worms and cause obstruction and diarrhea and weight loss in birds
how would you diagnose Ascardia
FECAL FLOAT or necropsy
also known as the Poultry Cecal worm
Heterakis Gallinarum
Heterakis type of worm
nematode or roundworm
Heterakis host
chickens and turkeys
**VERY pathogenic in TURKEYS
paratenic host for Heterakis
earthworms and flies
where do Heterakis live
in the cecum – small worms
how do you diagnose Heterakis
fecal float and necropsy
why is Heterakis so pathogenic in turkeys?
they deposit protozoan histamonas – causes BLACKHEAD – necrotic lesions in liver and cecum of the turkeys
Heterakis life cycle and infective stage
direct – L2 in the egg
common name of strongyloides species
Threadworm
Strongyloides life cycle and infective stage
DIRECT – L3
typical pathogenesis from Strongyloides spp
inflammation of the small intestine –D+/wt loss
urticaria/erythematous –red itchy reaction
Strongyloides stercoralis host
DOGS and CATS
how to diagnose Strongyloides stercoralis
bearmann – L1 in feces is present
T/F
Strongyloides stercoralis is zoonotic
TRUE – can cause dermatitis or pulmonary and intestinal issues in people
Strongyloides Papillosus host
ruminants
T/F
Strongyloides Papillosus can be transmitted transplacentally
FALSE NO
Strongyloides Papillosus diagnosis
mcmaster for egg with L1 inside
Strongyloides Ransomi host
swine
Strongyloides stercoralis PPP
8-14 days – short/think young
Strongyloides Papillosus PPP
8-14 days – short/think young
Strongyloides Ransomi PPP
AS SHORT AS 2 days
**piglets may die before even seeing eggs
T/F
good hygiene is really important for preventing piggies from Strongyloides Ransomi
TRUE
Strongyloides Westeri Host
HORSES
Strongyloides Westeri PPP
8-14 days – short/think young
if you see a horse showing “frenzy” what is most likely the cause
Strongyloides Westeri
T/F
Strongyloides Westeri can be transmitted transplacentally
FALSE
T/F
foals over 5 months old will most likely have developed immunity to Strongyloides Westeri
TRUE
Treatment for what other common nematode will also cover the treatment for Strongyloides Westeri
parascaris equorum
Strongyloides Westeri diagnosis
mcmaster for egg with L1 inside
T/F
Strongyloides can also be in the lungs and cause coughing
TRUE
which two species can also be known as Whipworms?
capillaria and Trichuris
what does a trichuris egg look like
a lemon or a football
operculated caps on both ends
lasts LONG in the environment
what does a capillaria egg look like
a barrel, operculated on both ends but flatter on the ends
which end is thicker in a whipworm
the posterior end – think BIG BOOTY
PPP of Trichuris
6-12 weeks
*young
life cycle and infective stage for Trichuris
DIRECT – L1 in the egg
where does Trichuris live
the cecum of the colon
causes diptheritic inflammation of the cecal mucosa – leathery feel
TRICHURIS
T/F
Trichuris is normally asymptomatic but in heavy infections will cause diarrhea, weight loss, and dehydration
TRUE
Trichuris species that is in dogs and will exhibit clinical signs
VULPIS
Trichuris species in pigs
Suis
What are the clinical signs for Trichuris Suis
NONE – the pigs do have a strong reaction to the worms and they try to shit them all out, so you will see the worms out in the feces
T/F
Trichuris suis is zoonotic
TRUE
where are the locations that capillaria can be found in a cat or dog
airways, bladder, GI
Is capillaria pathogenic in dogs and cats
not really no
if capillaria is in the dogs urinary bladder, what would you do to test for it?
urine sedimentation
what animal is capillaria super pathogenic in?
BIRDS
what is the name of the capillaria species that infects birds
Capillaria Obsingata
Where is capillaria obsingata in a bird
the GI only
what does capillaria obsingata cause in a birdie
DEATH
also anemia
Trichinella host
mammals/reptiles/birds (everything???)
T/F
Trichinella is zoonotic?
true
T/F
Trichinella is asymptomatic
TRUE
but since it is zoonotic, the people will show the clinical signs :)
If you do a fecal exam on a patient with Trichinella what would you expect to see?
NOTHING – you wont see the eggs and you were dumb
How would you diagnose Trichinella
- squash method
- pooled sample
- ELIZA
how does Trichinella infect?
the adults are short lived – the L1 live COILED IN STRIATED MUSCLE
ingested when you eat raw and contaminated meat – dont do that
what are two important aspects of Trichinella prevention
- education
2. meat inspection
also called the large pinworm
Oxyruis equi
Oxyruis equi PPP
4-5 months (long)
Oxyruis equi transmission
per os
Oxyruis equi host
horse – hence the “equi”
where do the adults of Oxyruis equi live
the dorsal colon
**the adults also have a pointed tail
Oxyruis equi egg
single operculum and flat on one side
what would you tell the owner of a horse that you treated with Oxyruis equi?
reinfection is very common
it is everywhere – pasture, stable, stall
DISINFECT EVERYTHING
Control is hard sorry mr horse farmer
what causes the Oxyruis equi to be so itchy
the gel substance on the butthole when eggs get released
clinical signs of Oxyruis equi
pruritis, broken hairs at the base of the tail
the stomach nematodes in equids
Draschia / Habronema
Draschia / Habronema life cycle and infective stage
INDIRECT – L3 infective
Draschia / Habronema intermediate host
musca spp – Stomoxys Calcitrans (flies)
Draschia / Habronema diagnostic method
SKIN SCRAPE – eggs are hard to see in float
Draschia / Habronema prevention
fly control
where do Draschia / Habronema adults live?
the stomach – normally nonpathogenic here
may cause nodules at the margo plicatus
what is the cause of the pathogenesis of Draschia / Habronema and what are the lesions called?
The fly deposits the larval L3 into the skin “wrong place”
when the larva MIGRATES it causes the lesions known as SUMMER SORES
species with the same egg as taenia but is much more zoonotic
echinococcus
MOST ZOONOTIC parasite on this exam
Echinococcus
Echinococcus definitive host
dogs and cats
where does Echinococcus live
small intestine
what is the larval stage called of Echinococcus Granulosus
hydatid cyst
what is the larval stage called of Echinococcus Multilocularis
alveolar hydatid cyst
Echinococcus life cycle
indirect
where does the larval stage of Echinococcus Granulosus live?
the liver and the lungs of the INTERMEDIATE HOST
who is the intermediate host of E. granulosus
livestock (MOSTLY SHEEP) and humans
**sheep dog eats the dead lamby
which species of Echinococcus is more pathogenic
E. multilocularis
who is the intermediate host of E. multilocularis
rodents and humans
where do the larval stages of E. multilocularis live
in the liver of the INTERMEDIATE HOST but then metastasis to other organs - very bad!!!!!!!!!
common name for Fasicola hepatica
Liver Fluke
Fasicola hepatica life cycle
indirect
Fasicola hepatica intermediate host?
Snail
how would you diagnose Fasicola hepatica
fecal sedimentation – it is a fluke with large eggs
What is a Fluke
Trematode
What is a tapeworm
Cestode
where does Fasicola hepatica like to live in the body
bile ducts
about how large are the Fasicola hepatica adults
3 cm
What type of animals would have Fasicola hepatica
it is a LARGE ANIMAL fluke – think cattle/ruminants/horses
what are the name of the lesions causes by Fasicola hepatica
Pipe Stem Liver
you do a necropsy on a cow and see that the liver has very thick bile ducts… what parasite could have caused this ?
Fasicola hepatica
T/F
Fasicola hepatica is not zoonotic
FALSE – yes it is zoonotic
what are other symptoms of Fasicola hepatica besides the lesions in the liver?
anemia, BOTTLE JAW, ascites, weight loss, anorexia
PPP of Fasicola hepatica
about 10 weeks
When might you see an increase in Fasicola hepatica cases ?
if there is a flood or a lot of rain fall – because snails carry the larval stage
What is the common name of Fasicola magna?
Deer Fluke or Large American Liver Fluke
T/F
Fasicola hepatica can cause a low fertility and wool/meat/milk production in livestock
TRUE
What is a way that you can diagnose Fasicola hepatica in dairy cows
bulk milk eliza
highly endemic in the great lakes region
Fasicola Magna
PPP of Fasicola Magna
8 months – ONLY MATTERS IN DEER which we dont really care about
about how large are the Fasicola Magna
10cm
where do Fasicola Magna like to live in the host
the liver
who are the dead end hosts of Fasicola Magna
Cattle, horses, pigs
Who are the aberrant hosts of Fasicola Magna
sheep and goats
how would you test for Fasicola Magna in sheep and goats?
NECROPSY
how would you test for Fasicola Magna in cattle or horses or pigs
necropsy
when would you do a fecal sedimentation for Fasicola Magna
only on deer because they are the only ones where the fluke can produce eggs
you WILL NOT see eggs in any other host!!!!!!! NO EGGS
necropsy is the only option
Host that has Fasicola Magna where it is normally an accidental finding because clinical signs don’t show, but there are economic losses do to a condemned liver
cattle or pigs – DEAD END HOST
How do Fasicola Magna appear inside the dead end hosts
ENCAPSULATED cysts of the adults in the liver
What does Fasicola Magna do to the aberrant hosts
there will be death BEFORE patent infection
the larva are not encapsulated in the liver like with the dead end hosts – there are NO EGGS – necropsy only
migration of the larva shreds the liver and the sheep/goats will die
Also known as the Rumen Fluke
Paraphistomum spp.
small pink fluke in the rumen
Paraphistomum spp.
Paraphistomum spp. development in the definitive hosts occurs where?
alimentary tract
PPP of Paraphistomum spp.
7-10 weeks (2 months)
T/F
Paraphistomum spp. is relatively non pathogenic unless heavy infections occur
TRUE
if there are a large number of migrating juvenile Paraphistomum spp. (a heavy infection) what might it cause?
diarrhea, anorexia, bottle jaw, depression, enteritis, dehydration
SECONDARY infections with CLOSTRIDIUM – death
T/F
eggs are easily found in sedimentations of Paraphistomum spp.
FALSE – eggs are not found due to acute disease before the pre-patent period
Paraphistomum spp. hosts?
ruminants – its called the rumen fluke duh
common characteristics of trematodes
- dorso-ventrally flattened
- oral and ventral suckers
- incomplete alimentary tract
- hermaphroditic
- indirect life cycle - normally using an aquatic snail for the intermediate host
free living ciliated larval stage of a trematode that enters the snail
miracidia
tadpole like larval stage of a trematode that is the final an free swimming stage
cercariae
encysted life cycle stage of trematode larva that becomes ingested by the host and develops into adult flukes
metacercariae
all adult cestodes normally go here
small intestine
head/holdfast organ of cestodes
scolex
body of cestodes
strobila with proglottid segments
characteristics of cestodes
- flat body
- no alimentary canal
- indirect life cycle
- hermaphroditic
- scolex and strobila
order of tapeworms that has 1 intermediate host, eggs with an oncosphere, and scolex with suckers
cylophyllidea
order of tapeworms that has 2 intermediate hosts, eggs with an oncosphere and cilia for motility, and scolex with bothria
pseudophyllidea
Host of Dipylidium caninum
dogs and cats
type of parasite is Dipylidium caninum
cestode with an arthropod IH
Dipylidium caninum intermediate host
fleas and lice
T/F
Dipylidium caninum is nonpathogenic
TRUE
An owner tells you that white rice looking worms are in her doggies poop, what do you suspect?
Dipylidium caninum – proglottid segments in the feces
PPP of Dipylidium caninum
3 weeks
What would you tell an owner if you treat her dog or cat for fleas
Dipylidium caninum is a likely occurrence in about 3 weeks (PPP) if the dog happened to ingest any fleas that carried this parasites larval stage
how would you diagnose Dipylidium caninum
fecal float – EGG PACKETS
or a tape method
Anoplocephala host
equine
Anoplocephala type of parasite
cestode – IH: arthropod
PPP of Anoplocephala
4-6 weeks
Anoplocephala intermediate host
orbatid mite – ingested with cystercercoid stage
Anoplocephala diagnosis
fecal exam will show irregular shaped triangle eggs
Anoplocephala species that is most commonly seen in horses
A. Perfoliata
A. Perfoliata pathogenesis
Will cause interssusception, occlusion and colic
A. Perfoliata likes to live where?
cecum/cecal junction
Morieza common name
milk tapeworm
Morieza host
ruminants
Morieza PPP
1-2 months
Morieza parasite category
cestode – IH:arthropod with cystercercoid
cestode with a square shaped egg
Morieza
Morieza intermediate host
orbatid mite
what will Morieza cause in the host
diarrhea/obstruction in the YOUNG animals
T/F
you can do a bulk milk eliza for Morieza
TRUE
T/F
a good method of prevention of Morieza is a weanling treatment program
TRUE – it really affects the young
What are two Cestodes with arthropod intermediate hosts that are common in Fowl
- Choanotaenia
2. Rallietina
Choanotaenia
Rallietina
Intermediate Hosts???
beetles, ants, house flies – carry cystercercoid
where does the adult live in the host for Choanotaenia and Rallietina
the small intestine (common location of all tapeworms)
Most common cestode in chickens
Rallietina
what is the disease caused by Rallietina called
Nodular Tapeworm disease
how would you diagnose Rallietina
fecal float or necropsy
what will Rallietina cause in chickens
weight loss and lowered overall growth
T/F
Taenia Spp. are normally non pathogenic to the definitive host
TRUE – more issues to the IH
Taenia spp. predilection site
adults in small intestine (common of cestodes)
T/F
Taenia spp. have intermediate hosts that are mammals carrying the cystercercus larval stage
FALSE
All of them carry the cystercercus larval stage EXCEPT taenia taeniaformis which carries the strobilocercus stage!!!!
Definitive host of taenia pisiformis
DOGS
Definitive host of taenia crassiceps
DOGS
Definitive host of taenia hydatigena
DOGS
Definitive host of taenia taeniaformis
CATS
Definitive host of taenia saginata
HUMANS
Definitive host of taenia solium
HUMANS
intermediate host of taenia pisiformis
rabbits
intermediate host of taenia crassiceps
rodents and humans
intermediate host of taenia hydatigena
livestock (think sheep)
intermediate host of taenia saginata
CATTLE
intermediate host of taenia solium
pigs and humans
intermediate host of taenia taeniaformis
rodents
also called pearly beef
the cysts in the muscles of cattle from the larval stage (cystercercus) of taenia saginata
also called pearly pork
the cysts in the muscles of pigs from the larval stage (cystercercus) of taenia solium
Two species of taenia where humans are a DEFINITIVE host
T.. Saginata, T. solium
Two species of taenia where humans are an INTERMEDIATE host
T. solium and T. crassiceps
disease when humans are the intermediate host or taenia solium
NCC - larva goes to brain :(
disease when pigs are the intermediate host or taenia solium
pearly pork – encysts in muscles
T/F
pigs can ingest the larval stage of taenia solium and adult worms can form in their small intestine
FALSE - pigs will NEVER have adults because they are NOT definitive hosts !!!!
only humans can have the adults
name of disease when humans have the adult worms of Taenia solium in their intestines
taeniosis
A human ate the feces containing taenia solium eggs… what host are they?
intermediate – larva will develop
T/F
eggs of taenia solium can be found in a pigs feces
FALSE - pigs can have eggs because they cant have adults
Diphyllobothrium latum common name
Fish Tapeworm
Broad tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium latum life cycle
Indirect
first intermediate host is a CRUSTACEAN
second IH of Diphyllobothrium latum
fish
Diphyllobothrium latum proglottid shape
square/rectangular
Diphyllobothrium latum adult size
< 12 meters
diagnosis for Diphyllobothrium latum
fecal float – eggs will appear single operculated
PPP of Diphyllobothrium latum
5-6 weeks
Diphyllobothrium latum predilection site
small intestine (common to all cestodes)
definitive host for Diphyllobothrium latum
dogs and cats – nonpathogenic
T/F
Diphyllobothrium latum is zoonotic
TRUE
T/F
Diphyllobothrium latum contains scolex with bothria
true
also called the zipper worm
Spirometra Spp.
Spirometra Spp. definitive hosts
dogs and cats – nonpathogenic
Spirometra Spp. life cycle
Indirect
first IH - crustaceans
2nd IH for Spirometra Spp.
frogs and reptiles
why is Spirometra Spp. called the zipper worm
the square proglottids have a genital pore in the middle of each one giving it a zipper look
Spirometra Spp. adult size
< 2 meters
Spirometra Spp. PPP
5-6 weeks
Spirometra Spp. diagnostic test
fecal float – eggs are single operculated
two worms with paperclip like eggs
- spirocerca lupi
2. physaloptera spp
spirocerca lupi common name
esophageal worm
spirocerca lupi host
DOGS
spirocerca lupi life cycle and infective stage
indirect - L3 inf
spirocerca lupi Intermediate host
DUNG BEETLES
spirocerca lupi paratenic hosts?
birds and reptiles
PPP of spirocerca lupi
LONG – 6 months
what will spirocerca lupi cause in the host
regurgitation and difficulty swallowing
Causes bone issues such as osteosarcoma in the hosts long bones
spirocerca lupi
diagnostic tests for spirocerca lupi
FECAL float – for paperclip eggs
can also do a tracheal wash, radiography, endoscopy
Common name for physaloptera spp
stomach worm
physaloptera spp host
dogs and cats but we care more about CATS
physaloptera spp life cycle and infective stage
Indirect – L3 inf
physaloptera spp intermediate hosts
roaches and crickets – think insects
paratenic hosts for physaloptera spp
birds and reptiles
PPP of physaloptera spp
8 - 10 WEEKS
physaloptera spp causes what in the host
vomit, gastritis, ulcers
A cat comes in with black/bloody feces…. what do you suspect
physaloptera spp – the ulcers in the stomach are causing this
Paragonimus Kellicoti is what type of parasite and who are the definitive hosts?
trematode in dogs and cats
Paragonimus Kellicoti life cycle (including intermediate hosts)
Indirect
1st IH - snail
2nd IH - crayfish
Paragonimus Kellicoti common name
Lung fluke
**think L in kellicoti, L in lung, L for Louisiana (crayfish)
Paragonimus Kellicoti PPP
4 weeks
Paragonimus Kellicoti causes what in the host
coughing and pneumonia
diagnosing Paragonimus Kellicoti
fecal sedimentation (large operculated eggs)
tracheal wash and radiography can also work because in the lungs
Alaria spp. lifecycle (IH hosts)
indirect
1st IH - snail
2nd IH - tadpole
Alaria spp. common name
intestinal fluke
**lives in the small intestine and is relatively nonpathogenic
Alaria spp. PPP
5 weeks
Alaria spp. definitive host
dogs and cats
Alaria spp. diagnostic test
fecal sedimentation for large operculated eggs
what might Alaria spp. cause due to immature migrating mesocercariae
pulmonary hemorrhaging in the lungs
Nanophyetus salmincota common name
Salmon Poisoning Fluke
Nanophyetus salmincota PPP
1 week
Nanophyetus salmincota lifecycle
INDIRECT
1st IH - snail
2nd IH - SALMON
Nanophyetus salmincota lives where in host
small intestine
Nanophyetus salmincota is pathogenic in what species and what does it cause???
DOGS –
meoricusta helmintheca bacteria is with the fluke and is what causes the disease!!!!!
causes fever, diarrhea, weight loss, enteritis, death
Platynossimum fastosum lifecycle
Indirect
1st IH - snail
2nd IH - crustacean
Platynossimum fastosum paratenic host
lizards
Platynossimum fastosum common name
lizard poisoning fluke
Platynossimum fastosum definitive host
cats
where does Platynossimum fastosum live in the definitive host
bile ducts
diagnostic test for Platynossimum fastosum
fecal float – eggs are smaller than with the other trematodes
PPP of Platynossimum fastosum
3 months
what does Platynossimum fastosum cause in the definitive host
jaundice, diarrhea, vomiting, increased liver size (hepatomegaly)
Yellow Cats Eat Fast Lizards
intermediate host of Onchocerca cervicalis
culicoides spp. (flies)
Onchocerca cervicalis definitive host
horses
Onchocerca cervicalis lifecycle
indirect – need IH fly
Onchocerca cervicalis is what type of parasite
a slender nematode
where do adult Onchocerca cervicalis live in the host
adults are coiled in tissue nodules near the NUCHAL LIGAMENT OF HORSES
where to the mff of Onchocerca cervicalis go and what do they cause
in tissue spaces of the skin, they cause an itchy dermatitis in the horse
why can you get so many false negatives with feline heartworm
they can have single sex infections and so without more than 3 females the antigen test will not pick it up
T/F
cats can be treated for feline heartworm
FALSE :(
where does feline heartworm live
in the lungs
what determines the clinical signs for canine heartworm
pulmonary blood flow
Dirofilaria immitis ppp
6-9 months
Dirofilaria immitis intermediate host
mosquito
common name for Dirofilaria immitis
heart worm
where do you find Dirofilaria immitis mff (L1)
circulating in the blood
where do you find Dirofilaria immitis L2 stage
in the mosquito
where do you find Dirofilaria immitis L3- L4
subcutaneous tissues and thorax
where do you find the L5- adults of Dirofilaria immitis
pulmonary arteries
caused by Dirofilaria immitis when the number of worms lead to right sided heart build up
Post Caval syndrome
Dirofilaria immitis clinical signs
exercise intolerance – short of breath and coughing
+/- ascites, pulmonary edema, bronchoconstriction, thick vessels
diagnosing Dirofilaria immitis
ELIZA/antigen tests
antigen comes from >3 female worms present – the antigen is produced by their uterus
**false negatives can occur if less than 3 females!!
Client comes in with a 4 month old puppy, will you be worried about heart worm
NO – too young for PPP
Treatment for Dirofilaria immitis
Prophylaxis (start 6-8 weeks)
what does the treatment for Dirofilaria immitis kill
L3 - early L4
T/F
mff in the blood will be killed by prophylaxis treatment of heartworm
FALSE
what do you tell an owner is super important for the treatment of heartworm
CAGE REST!! or they could have clot/thrombosis and die
Acanthoceilonema Reconditum host and intermediate hosts
Dogs
IH: fleas, ticks, lice (by biting)
T/F
Filaroidea spp can be found in the blood, tissues, and GI
FALSE – only in the blood/tissues
NOT GI
A 4-year-old neutered male outdoor cat from Florida presents with a 5-week history of weight loss. You see segments on the stool. What parasite is causing the symptoms?
Dipylidium caninum
T/F
Tapeworms are bad for production since they cause unthriftiness of animals
TRUE
A 5-year-old intact male cat present with choleostasis and liver failure. Fecal sedimentation reveals an operculated egg with a fully-formed miracidium. The most likely diagnosis is:
Platynosomum fastosum
The main significance of Acanthocheilonema
reconditum in veterinary medicine is:
microfilaria are similar in appearance to those of Dirofilaria immi3s and thus may confound diagnosis
The very short PPP of this nematode insures that eggs of this parasite are likely to be the first detected in a fecal float in a young foal:
S. westeri
