nematodes Flashcards
PPP of hookworms in general
short – 3 weeks
What is the life cycle of hookworms and what is the infective stage?
Direct – L3
2 main clinical symptoms of hookworms
anemia and diarrhea
zoonotic form of hookworms
cutaneous larval migrans
Most pathogenic hookworm
ancylostoma caninum
Hookworm that infects only dogs
ancylostoma caninum
where do hookworms live in the body
small intestine
most important form of transmission of ancylostoma caninum
transmammary – infects the puppies
ancylostoma caninum is transmitted by these ways
transmammary per os percutaneous transplacental paratenic host
T/F
the L3 form of ancylostoma caninum can migrate to the lungs and cause pneumonia
TRUE
T/F
ancylostoma caninum can do larval leakage in the muscles
true
species of hookworm that infects only kitties
ancylostoma tubaeforme
T/F
ancylostoma tubaeforme can be transmitted transmammary route
FALSE
3 ways ancylostoma tubaeforme is transmitted
per os
paratenic host
percutaneous
most zoonotic hookworm
ancylostoma braziliense
ancylostoma braziliense host
dogs and cats
ancylostoma braziliense and uncinaria stenocephala are both transmitted these ways:
per os
percutaneous
paretenic host
Species of hookworm that causes interdigital dermatitis
uncinaria stenocephala
describe a hookworm egg
thin shelled and oval
For hookworm species:
McMaster or Fecal
FECAL
Common name for haemonchus spp
Barber Pole worm
where does haemonchus spp live in the host
abomasum
Which stage of haemonchus spp does arrested development
L4
Life cycle and infective stage of haemonchus spp
Direct life cycle – L3 is infective
T/F
haemonchus spp has a strongyloid like egg
TRUE
For haemonchus spp:
McMAster or Fecal
McMaster
1 killer in sheep and goats
haemonchus contortus
Clinical symptoms of haemonchus contortus
bottle jaw
anemia
gastritis
what parasite would you use FAMACHA testing for
haemonchus contortus
T/F
haemonchus contortus has a low resistance to anthelmintics
FALSE – huge resistance issue
PPP of haemonchus spp in general
SHORT – 3 weeks
which of haemonchus spp is least pathogenic
H. placei
T/F
haemonchus spp has a PPR where a lot of eggs are shed
TRUE
causes lead shot lesions in the lungs
muellerius spp
host of muelleris species
goats and sheep
common name for the order Metastrongyloidea
lungworms
Has an L1 with a kinked tail…
Metastrongyloidea
for Metastrongyloidea what diagnostic test would be used?
Baermann for an L1 with a kinked tail
general life cycle and infective stage for Metastrongyloidea
Indirect life cycle – L3 in infective
intermediate hosts of Metastrongyloidea
snails, slugs, earthworms
where in the host does Metastrongyloidea like to live
the lungs and trachea
what symptoms does Metastrongyloidea cause in general
cough and bronchitis and pneumonia
The “pig lungworm”
Metastrongylus
*young pigs
PPP of Metastrongylus
4 weeks
IH of Metastrongylus is most likely what
earthworms
T/F
Metastrongylus eggs have the L1 inside
TRUE
The “cat lungworm”
aelurostrongylus abtrusus
aelurostrongylus abtrusus PPP
6-12 weeks (older cats )
if a middle aged cat has a chronic cough it probably has what parasite?
aelurostrongylus abtrusus
Metastrongyloidea that is known as the “meningeal worm”
parelaphostrongylus tenuis
parelaphostrongylus tenuis host
white tailed deer
causes neurological disease and death in its aberrant hosts
parelaphostrongylus tenuis
aberrant hosts of parelaphostrongylus tenuis
horses, sheep, goats, llamas
If a llama has a disease what parasite is it that we studied ?
parelaphostrongylus tenuis
Metastrongyloidea known as the dog tracheal worm
Filaroides osteri
T/F
Filaroides osteri has an indirect life cycle
FALSE – direct
PPP of Filaroides osteri
up to 6 months
**in breeding facilities, puppies dont show symptoms until older because of the long PPP
how is Filaroides osteri transmitted
mom licks pup
common name of Dictyocaulus spp
lungworms
Dictyocaulus spp life cycle and infective stage
direct – L3
what diagnostic test would you use for Dictyocaulus spp
Baermann – look for L1 with a STRAIGHT tail
T/F
Dictyocaulus spp L1 stage have a kinked tail
false – STRAIGHT
PPP of Dictyocaulus spp in general
3 weeks to 4 months (USELESS)
what can Dictyocaulus spp cause
cough and pneumonia
where in the host do Dictyocaulus spp live
bronchi, trachea, lungs
host of Dictyocaulus spp – D. arnfeldi
Donkeys and horses
T/F
D. arnfeldi is pathogenic in donkeys
FALSE – pathogenic in horses
keep them separated
What will happen if you treat Dictyocaulus spp too quickly
post patent parasitic bronchitis – death
host of Dictyocaulus spp – D. viviparus
cattle
**pathogenic in young and build immunity with age
host of Dictyocaulus spp – D. filaria
sheep and goats
**more pathogenic in goats because they are browsers and get less eggs so they have less immunity than sheep
list 4 small intestine nematodes and what is their main host
- trichostrongylus spp
- cooperia spp
- nematodirus battus
- oesophagostomum spp
**ruminants
ALL have a direct life cycle and infective L3
long neck bankrupt worm
nematodirus battus
if you see very dehydrated carcasses and thirsty lambs what parasite is it most likely
nematodirus battus
“lamb to lamb” disease
nematodirus battus
requires a freeze/thaw period for the L3 to emerge from the egg and is mostly seen in the spring
nematodirus battus
T/F
nematodirus battus grows from L1-L3 inside the egg
TRUE
**huge eggs
nodular/pimply worm
oesophagostomum spp
T/F
immunity to oesophagostomum spp develops with age
FALSE
no immunity so it gets worse with age and accumulation
T/F
cooperia spp. have a strongyloid like egg
TRUE
a ruminant animal went through a very stressful situation and is now having diarrhea… what is a possible parasite?
cooperia spp.
Host of Trichostrongylus spp.
Horses and ruminants
where Trichostrongylus spp. likes to live in the host
abomasum or small intestine
Egg type of Trichostrongylus spp.
strongyloid like
T/F
Trichostrongylus spp. causes diarrhea in heavy infections/stress
TRUE
small intestine nematode PPP
short 2-3 weeks
oesophagostomum spp PPP
3-8 weeks
oesophagostomum spp adults live where
large intestine
oesophagostomum spp – pimples are what and where?
they are encapsulated L4 larva and they are in the small and large intestine
**adults are only in the large intestine though
oesophagostomum spp hosts
ruminants and PIGS (poor sow syndrome)
clinical symptoms of oesophagostomum spp
green feces, anorexia, diarrhea
what two parasites cause poor sow syndrome
oesophagostomum spp
and hyostrongylus rubidus
host of strongyles
HORSES
life cycle and infective stage of strongyles
direct
L3 - infective
L4 - migrates
How are strongyles transmitted
PER OS ONLY
where do strongyles like to live in the host
large intestine
PPP of strongyles
LONG
egg of strongyles
strongyle like
small oval thin
**can do arrested development
most pathogenic larval large strongyle and why
strongylus vulgaris – due to migration in the cranial mesenteric artery
least pathogenic adult large strongyle and why
strongylus vulgaris – causes anemia
PPP of strongylus vulgaris
6 months
most pathogenic adult large strongyles
strongylus equines and strongylus edentatus
least pathogenic larval large strongyles
strongylus equines and strongylus edentatus
PPP of strongylus edentatus
11 months
PPP of strongylus equines
9 months
small strongyles are also called
cyathostomins
PPP of cyathostomins
6wk-4mo
cyathostomins hosts
horses – small strongyles
T/F
cyathostomins resistance is an issue
true
T/F
cyathostomins go through synchronized emergence
TRUE
**causes diarrhea, wt. loss, catarrhal colitis, intussusception
zoonotic forms of roundworms/ascarids
visceral or ocular larval migrans
life cycle of roundworms in general
DIRECT
infective L2 - L3 WITHIN THE EGG
how long does it take the egg to become infective of roundworms
2-4 weeks
PICK UP FRESH POOP TO PREVENT
what parasite can cause hematic tracheal migrations
roundworms/ascarid
Dog roundworm
toxocara canis
PPP of toxocara canis
3-5 weeks
paratenic host for toxocara canis
rodents
paratenic host for toxocara cati
rodents
T/F
toxocara canis and toxocara cati are both zoonotic
TRUE
what are general symptoms that roundworms/ascarids cause
potbelly, obstruction, vomit, diarrhea
ways that all roundworms are transmitted
per os, transmammary, paratenic hosts
which form of transmission is most important in toxocara canis
transplacental – puppies have
What form of transmission does not happen for toxocara cati
transplacental
PPP of toxocara leonina
11 weeks
host of toxocara leonina
dogs and cats
paratenic host for toxocara leonina
ANYTHING
type of roundworm with a paler colored egg
toxocara leonina
T/F
toxocara leonina causes a cough and HTM
FALSE
does not do either
equine roundworm/ascarid
parascaris equonum
parascaris equonum host
horses
parascaris equonum PPP
10-12 weeks
how is parascaris equonum transmitted
ONLY PER OS
host of ascaris suum
pigs
ascaris suum PPP
6-8 weeks
T/F
ascaris suum is zoonotic
TRUE
T/F
parascaris equonum is zoonotic
FALSE
type of egg that ascaris suum has
mammilated egg
paratenic host for ascaris suum
earthworms and beetles
unique clinical sign caused by ascaris suum
milk spots on the liver
Baylisascaris procyoris host
raccoons
T/F
Baylisascaris procyoris is zoonotic
TRUE – very zoonotic – larval migrans
an ascarid/roundworm that passes from raccoons to dogs
Baylisascaris procyoris
life cycle of ostertagia ostertagi
Direct life cycle
infective L3
arrested L4
What kind of lesions are caused by ostertagia ostertagi
moroccan leather in the stomach
PPP of ostertagia ostertagi
3 weeks **think calves and yearlings
Host of ostertagia ostertagi
CATTLE !!!!
how are stomach nematodes transmitted in general?
PER OS
adults worms are a reddish color and they are about 1cm
STOMACH NEMATODES
- ostertagia ostertagi
- teladorsagia circumcinta
- hyostrongylus rubidus
Is type 1 or type 2 ostertagiosis worse
TYPE 2 – winter
what is type 1 ostertagiosis, when does it occur
Calves are born in the spring and have their first grazing season in the summer and fall. Since it is warm out already, there is slow emergence of the parasite and mild clinical signs occur
what is type 2 ostertagiosis, when does it occur, and when should you treat?
The L4 stage arrests for the winter. In the spring, there is SYNCHRONIZED EMERGENCE and the calves are yearlings. HIGH MORTALITY
**TREAT before winter/L4 arresting so they wont all come out onto the pasture :) the Tx kills L4 Stage
T/F
teladorsagia circumcinta larva can survive in the environment
FALSE
Host of teladorsagia circumcinta
sheep and goats
*stomach nematode
host of Hyostrongylus Rubidus
PIGS
**stomach nematode
signs of Hyostrongylus rubidus
a pig with anemia and weight loss
part of poor sow syndrome
signs of teladorsagia circumcinta
sheep and goats with intermittent diarrhea and weight loss
T/F
teladorsagia circumcinta has a PPR
TRUE
high eggs shed at parturition
Stomach nematodes egg in general
strongyloid like
signs of ostertagia ostertagi
CATTLE:
diarrhea, weight loss, BOTTLE JAW
what is also called Brown stomach worm?
ostertagia ostertagi
T/F
FAMACHA is a diagnostic tool
FALSE
T/F
FAMACHA can be used with haemonchus placei
FALSE
only H. contortus
Treatment method that kills the susceptible and leads to more resistance
strategic treatment
treatment method anticipated to large numbers of eggs
tactical treatment
treatment method where you treat as needed and leads to slower resistance
selective treatment
what is the equation used for egg count/treatment effectivity
[(eggs pre Tx - eggs Post Tx) / eggs pre Tx] x100%
when is sedimentation test used?
Large sized eggs
host of syngamus trachea
birds – domestic and wild fowl
common name of syngamus trachea
Gapeworm
where do syngamus trachea like to live in the host
trachea and lungs
describe the egg of syngamus trachea
has polar plugs on both ends – operculum
adult worms of what parasite live in constant copulation “Y” shape
syngamus trachea
what is the paratenic host for syngamus trachea
Earthworms – because birds eat worms
presence of a parasite
-iasis
-osis
disease caused by a parasite
diagnostic test for syngamus trachea (gapeworm)
FECAL FLOAT
**You don’t want to swab down the throat because the sad little bird already can’t breathe and you might kill it
a bird has asphyxia what parasite does it have
syngamus trachea
what are 4 characteristics of nematodes
- alimentary canal
- separate sexes
- free living of parasitic
- cylindrical
T/F
eggs are distributed evenly in the feces
FALSE lol
gold standard diagnostic test?
necropsy – but you cant kill someones pet
what two factors make finding the parasite crucial
- highly zoonotic
2. deadly
you have a patient with a rare and deadly parasite. You see millions of microfilaria in the blood. What diagnostic test should be done????
BLOOD SMEAR –
because it is rare PCR and Eliza test records wont exist for it
deadly means you need a quick and probably cheap diagnosis
T/F
ascaris suum eggs can last in the environment for 10 years
TRUE
what parasite can cause transient pneumonia in pigs that are less than 4 months old
ascaris suum
predilection site definition
preferred site in or on the host by the parasite
endoparasites infect the host internally
infection
infestation
ectoparasites attach to or occupy the host
site in or on a host that is not a normal location for the parasite
aberrant site
arrowhead shaped parasite
toxocara cati
how many pairs of teeth does ancylostoma caninum have
3 pairs
Puppies that die at 2 days of age because of large
numbers of larval nematodes migrating and molting
in their lungs are most likely infected with which
parasite?
toxocara canis
