TREE Quizzes 2022

Question 1

What were the statements and proposals during 1992 UNCED within the agenda 21 and where the conference was held?

• Promotion of education, public awareness and training - Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
• Promotion of the green industry and clean sea - Rabat, Morocco
• Education for sustainable development and reducing the carbon footprint - Madrid, Spain
• Prevention of child abuse and domestic violence - Rome, Italy

Answer 1

-Promotion of education, public awareness and training - Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Question 2

Environmental problems were often seen as:

• Socio-political problems which policies could solve;
• Financial burden;
• Scientific problems which science and technology could solve;
• No problem at all.

Answer 2

-Scientific problems which science and technology could solve;

Question 3

What was Stephen Boyden’s standpoint about solving the environmental problems?

• Solving the problems of environmental education lobby;
• It’s the matter of the vocational and professional parties;
• A community commitment where every stakeholder has a role to play;
• Further investment on scientific research.

Answer 3

-A community commitment where every stakeholder has a role to play;

Question 4

What is the correct definition of “environmental education” held by Bill Stapp?

• It’s participation in biophysical and environmental problem-solving;
• It’s aimed at producing a citizenry which is knowledgeable concerning the biophysical environment and its associated problems;
• Consists in a broad understanding of the biophysical environment both natural and man-made and its role in contemporary society;
• It’s about attitudes of concern for the quality of the biophysical environment.

Answer 4

-It’s aimed at producing a citizenry which is knowledgeable concerning the biophysical environment and its associated problems;

Question 5

One of the differences between the Belgrade Charter and previous formulations on environmental education was:

• The use of moderate non-sexist language;
• The use of moderate non-sexist stereotypes;
• The use of non-sexist language;
• None of the above.

Answer 5

-The use of non-sexist language;

Question 6

What’s the definition of “pro-environmental behavior” by Kollmuss and Agyeman?

• An evangelical mission where people are to be converted;
• An action targeted at a change in global society;
• The sort of behavior that consciously seeks to minimize the negative impact of one’s actions on the natural and built world;
• The establishment of a common field between biology and environmental education.

Answer 6

-The sort of behavior that consciously seeks to minimize the negative impact of one’s actions on the natural and built world;

Question 7

Within the environmental education, the positivist methods were:

• Labeled as the most required methods to apply;
• The most prominent methods within the past decades;
• The affirmative inquiries held within the research field;
• Considered as the most reliable inquiries.

Answer 7

-The most prominent methods within the past decades;

Question 8

To expand furthermore the approach of applied science methods on EER, Gough and Gough they considered:

• Epistemology and the ontology of the subject matter;
• Interpretative and critical Inquiries;
• The colonial and postcolonial dilemmas;
• Interpretative, critical and historical Inquiries.

Answer 8

-The colonial and postcolonial dilemmas;

Question 9

The UNESCO, within the implementation scheme for the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development 2005–2014, acknowledged that:

• Pro-environmental behavior is the most important criterion for the environmental education field;
• Aspects such as the adoption of values and changes in behavior are unsolvable by science or technology fields;
• Aspects such as the adoption of values and changes in behavior can be adequately captured by numbers alone.
• Aspects such as the adoption of values and changes in behavior cannot be adequately captured by numbers alone;

Answer 9

-Aspects such as the adoption of values and changes in behavior cannot be adequately captured by numbers alone;

Question 10

The historical, social and political context of the human being is considered as relevant for:

• Pro-environmental behaviors;
• The environmental education;
• The education for sustainable development;
• None of the above.

Answer 10

-The environmental education;

Question 11

Hart and Nolan argued that EER needs to:

• Address critical, feminist and postmodern challenges;
• Have more in-depth qualitative analyses;
• All choices mentioned above are correct.
• Go beyond the academy and develop partnerships with schools and communities;

Answer 11

-All choices mentioned above are correct.

Question 12

A belief can be defined as:

• The regard that something is held to deserve
• Ideas which advocates that reality is measurable
• The attitude of one who regards a proposition as true
• A framework that encompasses ideas about reality

Answer 12

-The attitude of one who regards a proposition as true

Question 13

Pajares presents the belief as:

• An ordered construct that can be replaced by terms such as knowledge, opinion and ideology;
• A construct that can only be replaced by the term “attitude”;
• A disordered construct that must be distinguished from similar concepts;
• A disorganized psychological structure.

Answer 13

-A disordered construct that must be distinguished from similar concepts;

Question 14

Beliefs about authority refers to:

• People or groups of faith who are included in figures of authority;
• Ideas we have about power;
• Faith we have in divine power;
• Our relationship with the government.

Answer 14

-People or groups of faith who are included in figures of authority;

Question 15

Accommodation is related to:

• The intrinsic value in nature for human and non-human species;
• The intrinsic value in nature for human;
• The support for a policy of “sustainable growth” guided by resource management rules;
• The extrinsic value in nature for non-human species.

Answer 15

-The support for a policy of “sustainable growth” guided by resource management rules;

Question 16

The liberal education for the environment is typical of:

• Communalism ecosocialism ideology;
• Cornucopian ideology;
• Accommodation/managerialis ideology;
• Gaianism utopian ideology.

Answer 16

-Gaianism utopian ideology.

Question 17

The conservation education about the environment:

• Sees the environment as a social construct;
• Considers the gender issues in environmental issues;
• Gives less attention to gender issues;
• Is found in progressive geography, environmental studies and science.

Answer 17

-Gives less attention to gender issues;

Question 18

First researches in environmental education were:

• Merely quantitative;
• Merely qualitative;
• Both quantitative and qualitative;
• Nor quantitative neither qualitative.

Answer 18

-Merely quantitative;

Question 19

The definition for the research paradigm of interpretivism is:

• A school of thought which sees reality as external to the individual;
• A school of thought which sees reality as internal to the individual;
• A school of thought which considers reality as subjective and that there is a universal truth;
• A school of thought which considers reality as subjective and that there is no universal truth.

Answer 19

-A school of thought which considers reality as subjective and that there is no universal truth.

Question 20

Researchers in the interpretive tradition argue that:

• The generalizations and theories can effortlessly describe human behavior;
• The generalizations and theories can easily describe human behavior;
• The generalizations and theories can naturally study human behavior;
• Human behavior is too diverse and complex to be described through generalizations and theories.

Answer 20

-Human behavior is too diverse and complex to be described through generalizations and theories.

Question 21

Theorists of the critical paradigm argue that the subjective opinions:

• Are constructed by persuasive social forces;
• Are only constructed internally;
• Are constructed externally;
• Are constructed internally and influenced by persuasive social forces.

Answer 21

-Are constructed internally and influenced by persuasive social forces.

Question 22

Which one of these analytical techniques are not used by educational researchers in the critical tradition?

• Discourse analysis;
• Critical ethnography;
• Brainstorming;
• Action research.

Answer 22

-Brainstorming;

Question 23

Research paradigm of positivism is:

• A school of thought which believes that reality is subjective and that there is no universal truth;
• A school of thought which takes a practical approach to research advocating the use of mixed methods;
• A school of thought which advocates that reality is objective and measurable;
• All the answers are correct.

Answer 23

-A school of thought which advocates that reality is objective and measurable;

Question 24

The effectiveness of the syllogism has been diminished because:

• It was no longer related to observation and experience;
• It was no longer a mental exercise;
• It was related to experience;
• It was related to observation.

Answer 24

-It was no longer related to observation and experience;

Question 25

Francis Bacon's contribution to science consists in: - All the answers are correct. - Bringing empirical evidence for verification; - Focusing on nature to find solutions to scientific questions; - Switching from the deductive to the inductive method;

Answer 25

-All the answers are correct.

Question 26

The essence of science is: - The falsifiability of propositions; - The verifiability of propositions; - Verifiability and falsifiability of propositions; - All the answers are wrong.

Answer 26

-The falsifiability of propositions;

Question 27

Which of the following research terms is associated with this statement: “the nature of a phenomenon and development of knowledge affecting how we see reality”? - Human nature; - Axiology; - Ontology; - Epistemology.

Answer 27

-Ontology;

Question 28

Which of the following research terms is associated with this statement: “the theory of knowledge, rigour and validity affecting our choice of methods”? Epistemology; Realism; Objectivism; Positivism.

Answer 28

Epistemology;

Question 29

Which of the following research terms is associated with this statement: “the events have causes that they are produced by other circumstances”? Determinism; Empiricism; Positivism; Subjectivism.

Answer 29

Determinism;

Question 30

Speaking about the positivist paradigm, which of the following ontological perspectives is related to it? - Radicalism; - Objectivism; - Triangulation; - Generalizability.

Answer 30

-Objectivism;

Question 31

The concept is the relationship between: Phoneme and morpheme; Signifier and signified; Word and symbol; Word and idea.

Answer 31

Word and idea.

Question 32

The hypothesis is: The difference between two variables; The importance of one variable over another; The relationship between two or more variables; The dependence of one variable on another variable

Answer 32

The relationship between two or more variables;

Question 33

One of the limitations of positivism in understanding society is: - The use of the science’s natural tools; - The use of the quantitative approaches; - The use of qualitative approaches; - All the answers above are correct.

Answer 33

-The use of qualitative approaches;

Question 34

A research problem can arise from: - The literature - Practical problems - Personal or professional biography - All the alternatives

Answer 34

-All the alternatives

Question 35

Research methodology and questions: - Are not related to each other - Are closely related to each other - Are weakly related to each other - Can be related to each other

Answer 35

-Are closely related to each other

Question 36

Research questions: - Can be investigated if the correct methodology is identified - Can be investigated only if properly formulated - Are always investigable - Can or not be investigated depending on the context

Answer 36

-Can be investigated if the correct methodology is identified

Question 37

A constitutive definition is: - A dictionary definition - A definition provided with examples - A definition given by experts - A definition given by common sense

Answer 37

-A dictionary definition

Question 38

A research question is significant if it: - Is interesting for research participants - Interests the researcher himself/herself - Brings new insights into research - Requires the use of considerable resources

Answer 38

-Brings new insights into research

Question 39

The term relationship in research is related to the relationships between: - Participants - Participants and researchers - Two or more variables - The study and the context

Answer 39

-Two or more variables

Question 40

A research question is clear when: - Can be investigated without wasting an undue amount of time, energy or money - Is worth investigating because it will significantly increase present knowledge - Will not imply physical or psychological harm to humans or environment - Most people understand what it means

Answer 40

-Most people understand what it means

Question 41

Searchable questions must be: - Engaging, interesting, enriching - Wide, open, free - Measurable, verifiable, replicable - Clear, precise, detailed

Answer 41

-Measurable, verifiable, replicable

Question 42

Examples in the research questions: - Can help to clarify the subject of the investigation - Risk confusing the constitutive definition - Are mandatory in the formulation of operational definitions - Are an optional addition up to the researcher's choice

Answer 42

-Can help to clarify the subject of the investigation

Question 43

Quantitative research is an approach that focuses on: - The collection of verbal data. - Exploring novel and high-risk ideas building on scientific foundations. - The exploration of ideas and the formulation of a theory or hypothesis. - The experimentation of theories and hypotheses.

Answer 43

-The experimentation of theories and hypotheses.

Question 44

The quantitative approach outcome should be: - Structured as qualitative research. - Less structured than qualitative research. - More structured than qualitative research. - None of the above.

Answer 44

-More structured than qualitative research.

Question 45

Which of these methods are not part of qualitative research approaches? - Ethnographic research. - Evaluation research. - Action-research. - Causal-comparative research.

Answer 45

Causal-comparative research.

Question 46

Correlational research aims to : - Determine the relationships between two or more variables, exploring their cause-effect implications. - Control and manipulate variables to establish cause-effect relationships. - Define the specific characteristics of a group. - Determine causes or consequences of differences between groups of people.

Answer 46

-Determine the relationships between two or more variables, exploring their cause-effect implications.

Question 47

Which of the following methods is not a qualitative research technique? - Experimentation. - Observation. - Case of study. - Focus group.

Answer 47

-Experimentation.

Question 48

Which of the following statements about the mixed research method is false: - The integration of the two methods, qualitative and quantitative, can take place sequentially. - The integration of the two methods, qualitative and quantitative, can take place in parallel. - The integration of the two methods, qualitative and quantitative, can be done in a perpendicular way. - The integration of the two methods, qualitative and quantitative, can take place in multi-phase mode.

Answer 48

-The integration of the two methods, qualitative and quantitative, can be done in a perpendicular way.

Question 49

The ethnographic research is defined as: - Statistical analysis of the results of a large collection of studies. - The collection of information in numerical form. - Discussion between a group of people on a topic to gather opinions that can be used for further research. - Portraying the daily experiences of individuals, observing and interviewing them.

Answer 49

-Portraying the daily experiences of individuals, observing and interviewing them.

Question 50

The most fundamental difference between qualitative data and quantitative data is that: - The topics about which the data are being collected. - The respondents proving the data. - The type of judgment that is used to make meaning of the data, and how the data are manipulated. - There is no difference.

Answer 50

-The type of judgment that is used to make meaning of the data, and how the data are manipulated.

Question 51

Qualitative data generally can include: - Equations; - Only written material; - Survey and questionnaire data; - Text, pictures, sound recording.

Question 52

The review of the literature is defined as: - Collection, analysis and evaluation of academic sources related to a research question. - Documentation of information extracted from academic sources. - Identification of knowledge gaps and problems already solved. - Identification of knowledge gaps and problems that research cannot solve.

Answer 52

-Collection, analysis and evaluation of academic sources related to a research question

Question 53

Which of these is not one of the objectives of literature review? - Ensure that you are not just repeating what others have already done. - Provide an overview of the main results and debates on the research topic. - Find gaps. - Give an answer to the search question.

Answer 53

-Give an answer to the search question.

Question 54

What types of sources are available in the literature? - Primary, secondary and tertiary sources. - Primary, secondary and general sources . - General, specific and summary sources. - Main, secondary and additional sources .

Answer 54

-Primary, secondary and general sources .

Question 55

The primary sources in the educational sphere are: - Manuals. - Specialized journals. - Publications in which some authors describe the work of others. - Textbooks.

Answer 55

-Specialized journals.

Question 56

What is the first step in the bibliographic research? - Define the research problem as precisely as possible. - Select and review one or two general reference papers. - Search for relevant primary sources using an appropriate general reference tool. - Obtain and read relevant primary sources, note and summarize key points in the sources.

Answer 56

-Define the research problem as precisely as possible.

Question 57

Secondary sources are useful for: - Get a general idea of ​​the topic. - Identify prominent authors and topics in a sector. - Carry out more in-depth studies. - All options.

Answer 57

??-Carry out more in-depth studies.??

Question 58

Through the search terms you cannot: - Identify which research has already been carried out. - Find out what were the research questions addressed so far. - Identify the primary sources. - Evaluate the primary sources.

Answer 58

-Evaluate the primary sources.

Question 59

When does the report of the quotation take place? - Once the most important references for the research question have been identified. - Immediately after reformulating the search terms. - During the consultation of secondary sources. - Before you pinpoint the primary sources.

Answer 59

-Once the most important references for the research question have been identified.

Question 60

Which of the following statements is wrong? - All educational journals publish research reports. - Only some educational journals publish studies on a wide range of topics. - Only some educational journals publish research reports. - Only some educational journals publish mono-thematic studies.

Answer 60

-All educational journals publish research reports.

Question 61

How is the paper structure ordered in the review of the literature? - Summary, introduction, body, conclusion, bibliography. - Introduction, synthesis, body, conclusion, bibliography. - Introduction, body, synthesis, conclusion, bibliography. - Bibliography, introduction, body, synthesis, conclusion.

Answer 61

-Introduction, body, synthesis, conclusion, bibliography.

Question 62

A sample is: - A group of participants who gave the best answers - The set of people who are offered to participate in the research - A selection of individuals who will participate in the research - A small representative group of participants

Answer 62

-A selection of individuals who will participate in the research

Question 63

On the bases of the sample and population size, which of the following statements is correct? - Both are constituted by the same number of people - The sample is constituted by several people - The number of people is irrelevant - The population consists of several people

Answer 63

-The population consists of several people

Question 64

Population is a group of people: - Participating in the study - Excluded from the study - To whom the researcher would like to extend the results - Not reachable by the study

Answer 64

-To whom the researcher would like to extend the results

Question 65

A population to which a researcher would like to be able to generalize his data is said: - General population - Reachable population - Target population - Selected population

Answer 65

-Target population

Question 66

The two main sampling methods are called: - Random and not random - Simple and complex - Randomized and serial - Selected and voluntary

Answer 66

-Random and not random

Question 67

Given the possibility, it is preferable to use random sampling because it is: - More representative - Faster - More inclusive - Easier

Answer 67

-More inclusive

Question 68

Differences between sample and population: - Can be completely eliminated only with non-random sampling - Are never completely eliminable - Can be eliminated only in some populations - Can be completely eliminated only with random sampling

Answer 68

-Are never completely eliminable

Question 69

Targeted sampling includes: - A good knowledge of the population - Large numbers of participants - Plenty of time available - A good selection criterion

Answer 69

-A good knowledge of the population

Question 70

To decide whether a sample is representative of the population, researchers must consider: - Its features - Its size - Its context - All options

Answer 70

-Its features

Question 71

The term "periodicity" means: - The period of validity of the results of a search - The duration of a research in which the sample participates - A possible distortion of the sample - The time that must elapse between one test and another administered to the same sample

Answer 71

-A possible distortion of the sample

Question 72

A variable manipulated by the researcher in an experiment is called: - Independent variable - Response variable - Dependent variable - Extraneous variable

Answer 72

-Independent variable

Question 73

Which one of the following answers would be an appropriate synonym for the dependent variable? - Manipulated variable - Experimental variable - Outcome variable - Qualitative variable

Answer 73

-Outcome variable

Question 74

An example of a quantitative variable is: - Phone number - Time taken to complete a spatial reasoning task - Highest educational level achieved - Date of birth

Answer 74

-Time taken to complete a spatial reasoning task

Question 75

If a researcher studies students who are in the fourth year of high school to determine the effects of rewarding good behavior on subsequent behavior, which of the following is likely to be a extraneous variable? - Family parenting style - Characteristics of the teacher - Student grade level - Student attitude

Answer 75

-Family parenting style

Question 76

what type of research would be less likely to include a hypothesis at the beginning of a research? - Associative research - Descriptive research - Research for intervention - Qualitative research

Answer 76

-Descriptive research

Question 77

which of the following examples is a categorical variable - Time taken by a teacher to evaluate a written production - Teacher’s hair color - The time a teacher takes to go to work - The distance a teacher must travel from the teachers' room to his/her class

Answer 77

-Teacher’s hair color

Question 78

The variables which the researcher chooses to study in order to evaluate their possible effects on one or more variables are called: - Independent - Extraneous - Dependent - Known

Answer 78

-Independent

Question 79

A moderating variable is: - An independent variable that produces additional effects - An independent variable that has no effect - a dependent variable showing time-delayed effects - A dependent variable

Answer 79

-An independent variable that produces additional effects

Question 80

A hypothesis can be described as: - An intuition - A prediction regarding the possible outcomes of a study - A certainty about the results that will be obtained - A statement made by researchers to obtain funding for their research

Answer 80

-A prediction regarding the possible outcomes of a study

Question 81

Which advantages does the correct formulation of hypotheses bring? - It helps the researcher not to get distracted by other phenomena - It helps to predict study outcomes with greater certainty - It helps to highlight any biases - It helps to organize the variables and categories to be studied

Answer 81

-It helps to organize the variables and categories to be studied

Question 82

Which disadvantages can the formulation of hypotheses bring? - Risks to distort the initial definitions - Risks to excessively restrict the field of study - Risks to limit study results - Risks not to show other interesting phenomena

Answer 82

-Risks to excessively restrict the field of study

Question 83

Regarding the origin of a tool: - It is advisable to build your own instrument only if you have the necessary skills to do so - It is always better to build your own instrument - It is always better to use tools designed by others - It is advisable to use pre-existing tools if they are proven to be suitable, valid and reliable

Answer 83

-It is advisable to use pre-existing tools if they are proven to be suitable, valid and reliable

Question 84

Aptitude tests are part of which test category: - Sociometric - Of performance - Of personality - Of profit

Answer 84

-Of performance

Question 85

What is the relationship between data and research tools? - There is no relationship - There is a bland relationship: some tools are more useful for certain types of data - Based on the data collected, the same tool can be used in different ways - The type of data collected depends on the used tool

Answer 85

-The type of data collected depends on the used tool

Question 86

Questions deemed "invasive": - would be advisable to put them in the least possible intrusive form - can only be given to adult participants - can only be done if the questionnaire is anonymous - Is the ethics committee that authorizes invasive questions

Answer 86

-would be advisable to put them in the least possible intrusive form

Question 87

The turning point in the history of questionnaires and interviews occurred: - In the sixties - In the thirties - More than a century ago - In the new millennium

Answer 87

-More than a century ago

Question 88

In questionnaires and interviews, questions: - must always be put in a clearly interrogative form - can be presented in different formats - must already contain a hint for the answer - would be better to put them in an affirmative form

Answer 88

-can be presented in different formats

Question 89

Interviews and questionnaires, according to Gaskell (2000) offer: - Detailed descriptions of a certain climate or social phenomenon - All the listed answers - Results can be used as a starting point for further research - Empirical data on which is possible to formulate hypotheses

Answer 89

-All the listed answers

Question 90

A naturalistic observation is good because... - it is replicable and therefore reliable - it does not manipulate the context under study - there is a high control on extraneous variables - it is a laboratory experiment

Answer 90

-it does not manipulate the context under study

Question 91

Which of these observations requires a separation of observer and observed? Covert observation Overt observation Shadowing Naturalistic observation (without experiment)

Answer 91

Naturalistic observation (without experiment)

Question 92

A covert observation is.. - where participants have given consent - where participants are aware they are being observed - where participants are unaware they are being observed - the same as a controlled observation

Answer 92

-where participants are unaware they are being observed