Tree of Life Flashcards
Plants Clade 1
- Plants
- Green plants
- Land Plants
- Vascular Plants
- Seed Plants
Synapomorphy: Primarily Chloroplasts
Plants Clade 2
- Glaucophytes
- Red algae
Synapomorphy: Primarily Chloroplasts
Green Plants
- Green algae
Synapomorphy: Chlorophyll b, starch
Land plants
- Liverworts
- Mosses
Synapomorphy: Cuticle, retention of embryo
Vascular Plants
- Lycophytes
- Ferns
Synapomorphy: Vascular system
Synapomorphy for Ferns: Megaphylls
Seed Plants
- Gymnosperms (naked seed; Ginkgo, cycads, conifers)
- Angiosperms (enclosed seed, flowers, fruit, double fertilization)
Synapomorphy: Seeds
Opisthokonts Clade 1
- Fungi
- Dikarya
(Choanoflagellates) - Animalia
- Eumetazoans
Synapomorphy: Single posterior flagellum
Fungi
- Microsporidia (reduced mitochondria, polar tube)
- Chytrids (flagellated gametes)
- Arbuscular mycorrhizae
AND Dikarya
Synapomorphy: Chitin in cell wall, absorptive heterotrophy
Dikarya
- Ascomycota (spores in ascus, yeast)
- Basidiomycota (spores in a basidium)
Synapomorphy: dikaryon stage (2 nuclei), septate hyphae
Choanoflagellates
Choanoflagellates (“group of protists”; collar of sticky tentacles)
Synapomorphy: Cadherins
Animalia
- Sponges (Mineral spicules)
AND Eumetazoans
Synapomorphy: Extracellular matrix - collegen
Eumetazoans
- Ctenophores (8 combs; diploblastic)
- Cnidarians (cnidocytes; diploblastic; jellyfish)
- Bilaterians (triploblastic tissues, bilateral symmetry)
Synapomorphy: Tissues; nerves; muscles
Synapomorphy for Cnidarians and Bilaterians: Hox genes
Eukaryans Clade 1
- Eukaryans
- Opisthokonts
- Fungi
- Dikarya
AND Choanoflagellates - Animalia
- Eumetazoans
Synapomorphy: Cells with mitochondria, nucleus
Eukaryans Clade 2
- Alveolates
- Stramenopiles
- Excavates
- Plants
- Amoebozoans
Synapomorphy: Cells with mitochondria, nucleus
Alveolates
“A group of protists”; dinoflagellates, ciliates including Paramecium, Malaria
Stramenopiles
“A group of protists”; brown algae, diatoms
Excavates
“A group of protists”; euglenids, Giardia, Trypanosoma - sleeping sickness, Chagas’ disease, leishmaniasis
Plants
primary chlorplasts
Amoebozoans
“A group of protists”; slime molds Amoeba
Bacteria
Staphylococcus, Bacillus anthracis
- Cyanobacteria
- Proteobacteria
- Spirochetes
- Chlamydias
Synapamorphie: peptidoglycan in
cell wall
Cyanobacteria
photosynthetic; gave rise to chloroplasts via endosymbiosis
Proteobacteria
E. coli, Yersinia pestis, Vibrio chloerae, Salmonella; gave rise to mitochondria via endosymbiosis
Spirochetes
spiral shaped bacteria with axial filaments: motile; Lyme disease, syphilis
Chlamydias
mall obligate parasites; unique reproductive cycle: elementary bodies and reticulate bodies; eye infections, STDs
