Tree of Life

Question 1

Plants Clade 1

Answer 1

• Plants
• Green plants
• Land Plants
• Vascular Plants
• Seed Plants

Synapomorphy: Primarily Chloroplasts

Question 2

Plants Clade 2

Answer 2

• Glaucophytes
• Red algae

Synapomorphy: Primarily Chloroplasts

Question 3

Green Plants

Answer 3

• Green algae

Synapomorphy: Chlorophyll b, starch

Question 4

Land plants

Answer 4

• Liverworts
• Mosses

Synapomorphy: Cuticle, retention of embryo

Question 5

Vascular Plants

Answer 5

• Lycophytes
• Ferns

Synapomorphy: Vascular system
Synapomorphy for Ferns: Megaphylls

Question 6

Seed Plants

Answer 6

• Gymnosperms (naked seed; Ginkgo, cycads, conifers)
• Angiosperms (enclosed seed, flowers, fruit, double fertilization)

Synapomorphy: Seeds

Question 7

Opisthokonts Clade 1

Answer 7

• Fungi
• Dikarya
  (Choanoflagellates)
• Animalia
• Eumetazoans

Synapomorphy: Single posterior flagellum

Question 8

Fungi

Answer 8

• Microsporidia (reduced mitochondria, polar tube)
• Chytrids (flagellated gametes)
• Arbuscular mycorrhizae
  AND Dikarya

Synapomorphy: Chitin in cell wall, absorptive heterotrophy

Question 9

Dikarya

Answer 9

• Ascomycota (spores in ascus, yeast)
• Basidiomycota (spores in a basidium)

Synapomorphy: dikaryon stage (2 nuclei), septate hyphae

Question 10

Choanoflagellates

Answer 10

Choanoflagellates (“group of protists”; collar of sticky tentacles)

Synapomorphy: Cadherins

Question 11

Animalia

Answer 11

• Sponges (Mineral spicules)
  AND Eumetazoans

Synapomorphy: Extracellular matrix - collegen

Question 12

Eumetazoans

Answer 12

• Ctenophores (8 combs; diploblastic)
• Cnidarians (cnidocytes; diploblastic; jellyfish)
• Bilaterians (triploblastic tissues, bilateral symmetry)

Synapomorphy: Tissues; nerves; muscles

Synapomorphy for Cnidarians and Bilaterians: Hox genes

Question 13

Eukaryans Clade 1

Answer 13

• Eukaryans
• Opisthokonts
• Fungi
• Dikarya
  AND Choanoflagellates
• Animalia
• Eumetazoans

Synapomorphy: Cells with mitochondria, nucleus

Question 14

Eukaryans Clade 2

Answer 14

• Alveolates
• Stramenopiles
• Excavates
• Plants
• Amoebozoans

Synapomorphy: Cells with mitochondria, nucleus

Question 15

Alveolates

Answer 15

“A group of protists”; dinoflagellates, ciliates including Paramecium, Malaria

Question 16

Stramenopiles

Answer 16

“A group of protists”; brown algae, diatoms

Question 17

Excavates

Answer 17

“A group of protists”; euglenids, Giardia, Trypanosoma - sleeping sickness, Chagas’ disease, leishmaniasis

Question 18

Plants

Answer 18

primary chlorplasts

Question 19

Amoebozoans

Answer 19

“A group of protists”; slime molds Amoeba

Question 20

Bacteria

Answer 20

Staphylococcus, Bacillus anthracis
- Cyanobacteria
- Proteobacteria
- Spirochetes
- Chlamydias

Synapamorphie: peptidoglycan in
cell wall

Question 21

Cyanobacteria

Answer 21

photosynthetic; gave rise to chloroplasts via endosymbiosis

Question 22

Proteobacteria

Answer 22

E. coli, Yersinia pestis, Vibrio chloerae, Salmonella; gave rise to mitochondria via endosymbiosis

Question 23

Spirochetes

Answer 23

spiral shaped bacteria with axial filaments: motile; Lyme disease, syphilis

Question 24

Chlamydias

Answer 24

mall obligate parasites; unique reproductive cycle: elementary bodies and reticulate bodies; eye infections, STDs