Biodiversity

Question 1

LUCA

Answer 1

last universal common ancestor is the hypothesized common ancestral cell from which the three domains of life, the Bacteria, the Archaea, and the Eukarya originated

Question 2

Bacteria

Answer 2

one of the two prokaryotic domains of life. Domain Bacteria includes organisms such as Escherichia coli and other familiar microbes.

Question 3

Archaea

Answer 3

one of the two prokaryotic domains of life. Archaea superficially resemble bacteria, but they are distinguished by a number of unique biochemical features

Question 4

Eukarya

Answer 4

the third domain of life, characterized by traits that include membrane-enclosed cell nuclei and mitochondria. Domain Eukarya includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists (a general term for single-celled eukaryotes)

Question 5

“Prokaryote”

Answer 5

a microorganism lacking a cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotes comprise two evolutionarily distinct groups, the Bacteria and the Archaea

Question 6

Spirochetes

Answer 6

any of a group of spiral-shaped bacteria, some of which are serious pathogens for humans

Question 7

Chlamydias

Answer 7

a common STD that can cause infection among both men and women

Question 8

Proteobacteria

Answer 8

major group (phylum) of bacteria

Question 9

Cyanobacteria

Answer 9

a very large and diverse phylum of photosynthetic prokaryotes

Question 10

Lyme disease

Answer 10

caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, common vector-borne disease

Question 11

Syphilis

Answer 11

bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI)

Question 12

E. coli

Answer 12

bacteria found in the environment, foods, and intestines of people and animals

Question 13

Salmonella

Answer 13

bacterial infection is spread through contaminated food or water and affects the intestinal tract

Question 14

Vibrio cholerae

Answer 14

caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae

Question 15

Yersinia pestis

Answer 15

caused by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis

Question 16

Bacillus anthrax

Answer 16

caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis

Question 17

Staphylococcus

Answer 17

caused by staphylococcus bacteria

Question 18

Stromatolite

Answer 18

a calcareous mound built up of layers of lime-secreting cyanobacteria and trapped sediment, found in Precambrian rocks as the earliest known fossils

Question 19

Domains

Answer 19

the three monophyletic branches of life (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya)

Question 20

Photoautotroph

Answer 20

An organism that obtains energy from light and carbon from carbon dioxide. (Contrast with chemoautotroph, chemoheterotroph, photoheterotroph.)

Question 21

binary fission

Answer 21

Reproduction of a prokaryote by division of a cell into two comparable progeny cells

Question 22

Peptidoglycan

Answer 22

The cell wall material of many bacteria, consisting of a single enormous molecule that surrounds the entire cell

Question 23

Biofilm

Answer 23

A community of microorganisms embedded in a polysaccharide matrix, forming a highly resistant coating on almost any moist surface

Question 24

Halophiles

Answer 24

A group of euryarchaeotes that live exclusively in very salty environments

Question 25

horizontal (lateral) gene transfer

Answer 25

the transfer of genetic material — other than from parent to offspring — to another organism, sometimes a distantly related one, without reproduction. Once this material is added to the recipient’s genome, it can be inherited by descent ether linkages (as synapomorphy for archaea) - The linkage of two hydrocarbons by an oxygen atom (HC—O—CH). Ether linkages are characteristic of the membrane lipids of the Archaea

Question 26

Gram-negative

Answer 26

Bacteria that appear red when stained using the Gram-staining technique. These bacteria have an outer membrane outside the relatively thin peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall

Question 27

Gram-positive

Answer 27

Bacteria that appear blue to purple when stained using the Gram-staining technique. These bacteria have an outer cell wall consisting of a thick layer of peptidoglycan.

Question 28

Cocci

Answer 28

Any of various spherical or spheroidal bacteria

Question 29

Spirilla

Answer 29

A bacterium that is shaped like a corkscrew

Question 30

Bacilli

Answer 30

Any of various rod-shaped bacteria

Question 31

Amoeba

Answer 31

(Amoebozoans)

Question 32

Alveolates

Answer 32

Unicellular and characterized by having sacs called alveoli beneath the cell membrane. They are photosynthetic and have chloroplasts which were acquired through secondary and endosymbiosis of a red algae

Question 33

Amoebozoans

Answer 33

Include famous genus Amoeba; Have lobe-shaped pseudopods (extensions of the cell that they use to move via cytoplasmic streaming)

Question 34

brown algae

Answer 34

(Stramenopiles) Large multicellular algae; secondary endosymbiosis; kelp

Question 35

Ciliates

Answer 35

(Alveolate) Characterized by being covered in cilia which are actually numerous short flagella that allow them to move through the substrate; unicellular but can be complex and multinuclear

Question 36

Diatoms

Answer 36

(Stramenopiles) Unicellular; Secondarily lost their double flagella; they deposit silica in their cell membranes

Question 37

Dinoflagellates

Answer 37

(Alveolate) Characterized by having two flagella, one in an equatorial groove, or middle groove around the cell, and the other is a longitudinally located flagellum; have a chloroplast that they acquired through tertiary endosymbiosis; they are endosymbionts of coral (which is a result of quaternary endosymbiosis); They are the source of red tide blooms; they are the source of flow-agitated bioluminescence

Question 38

Euglenids

Answer 38

(Excavates) Unicellular; photosynthetic euglenids that have mitochondria and a single large flagellum which you can see moving at the anterior end of the cell. They acquired chloroplasts as a result of secondary endosymbiosis of a green algae

Question 39

Excavates

Answer 39

Characterized by having reduced or lost mitochondria

Question 40

Giardia

Answer 40

(Excavates) Unicellular; Common intestinal parasite; have degenerate mitochondria and instead obtain their energy from their host

Question 41

Paramecium

Question 42

Plasmodium

Answer 42

(Alveolate) Cause of malaria; Unicellular intracellular parasites with vestigial chloroplasts; have a complex of proteins at the apical prominence which at the top of the cell which they use to attach to and penetrate the host cell

Question 43

slime molds

Answer 43

(Amoebozoans) Unicellular but multinucleated

Question 44

Stramenopiles

Answer 44

Have 2 flagella that are not of equal length and one of these flagella is covered in tubular hairs; use these flagella for movement but many taxa within the stramenopiles have secondarily lost their flagella; two main groups of stramenopiles (the brown algae and diatoms)

Question 45

Trypanosoma

Answer 45

(Euglenids) Unicellular; and have a single large mitochondria; deadly associated with trypanosoma are sleeping sickness, Chagas’ disease, and Leishmaniasis

Question 46

primary endosymbiosis

Answer 46

The engulfment of a cyanobacterium by a larger eukaryotic cell that gave rise to the first photosynthetic eukaryotes with chloroplasts

Question 47

secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 47

The engulfment of a photosynthetic eukaryote by another eukaryotic cell that gave rise to certain groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes (e.g., euglenids)

Question 48

tertiary endosymbiosis

Answer 48

The mechanism by which some eukaryotes acquired the capacity for photosynthesis; for example, a dinoflagellate that apparently lost its chloroplast became photosynthetic by engulfing another protist that had acquired a chloroplast through secondary endosymbiosis

Question 49

Mitochondria

Answer 49

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the enzymes of the citric acid cycle, the respiratory chain, and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 50

Chloroplasts

Answer 50

An organelle bounded by a double membrane containing the enzymes and pigments that perform photosynthesis. Chloroplasts occur only in eukaryotes

Question 51

Alveoli

Answer 51

A semispherical outpocketing of the wall of an alveolar sac in the mammalian lung. The alveoli are the location of gas exchange between air and blood

Question 52

Flagella

Answer 52

A long, whiplike appendage that propels cells. Prokaryotic flagella differ sharply from those found in eukaryotes

Question 53

Pseudopods

Answer 53

An aggregate of individuals in cellular slime molds that act in a coordinated fashion to form a fruiting structure

Question 54

cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 54

A form of amoeboid movement in which a fluid cytoplasm moves and stretches the organism’s body in new directions

Question 55

Sleeping sickness

Answer 55

Human African trypanosomiasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease. It is caused by protozoans of the genus Trypanosoma, transmitted to humans by bites of tsetse flies (glossina) which have acquired the parasites from infected humans or animals.

Question 56

Chagas’ disease

Answer 56

caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to animals and people by insect vectors and is found only in the Americas

Question 57

Leishmaniasis, Malaria

Answer 57

a parasitic disease that is found in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe