Tree Biology & Mechanics: Wood Structure Flashcards

1
Q

end-to-end, tube-like, water conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms.

A

Vessel

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2
Q

elongated, tapering xylem cell adapted for the support and transport of water and elements.

A

Tracheid

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3
Q

rings of xylem that are visible in a cross section of the stem, branches, and roots of some trees. In temperate zones, the rings typically represent one year of growth.

A

Annual Rings

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4
Q

thin-walled, living cells essential in photosynthesis, radial transport, energy storage, and production of protective compounds.

A

Parenchyma

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5
Q

xylem produced to the interior of the vascular cambium during secondary growth.

A

Secondary Xylem

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6
Q

main water- and mineral-conducting tissue in trees and other plants. Provides structural support.

A

Xylem

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7
Q

thin layer(s) of meristematic cells that give rise (outward) to the phloem and (inward) to the xylem, increasing stem and root diameter.

A

Cambium

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8
Q

organic substance that impregnates certain cell walls to thicken and strengthen the cell to reduce susceptibility to decay and pest damage.

A

Lignin

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9
Q

parenchyma tissues that extend radially across the xylem and phloem of a tree and function in transport, storage, structural strength, and defense.

A

Rays

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10
Q

portion of an annual ring (growth ring) that forms during summer, characterized by small-diameter cells with thick walls. Summer wood.

A

Latewood

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11
Q

plant vascular tissue that transports photosynthates and growth regulators. Situated on the inside of the bark, just outside the cambium. Is bidirectional (transports up and down).

A

Phloem

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12
Q

reaction wood in gymnosperms, and some angiosperms, that develops on the underside of branches or leaning trunks and is important in load bearing.

A

Compression wood

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13
Q

plants with exposed seeds, usually within cones.

A

Gymnosperm

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14
Q

lateral meristem from which secondary xylem and secondary phloem originate.

A

Vascular Cambium

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15
Q

natural process during which an overly mature tree reduces its crown and increases its girth to consolidate resources and increase longevity; the deliberate process of reducing tree height to mimic natural processes.

A

Retrenchment

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16
Q

new wood produced in response to loads to compensate for higher strain in outermost fibers; includes reaction wood (compression and tension), flexure wood, and woundwood.

A

Response growth

17
Q

the deformation resulting from a stress, measured as a change in specimen length per unit of total length.

A

Strain

18
Q

wood formed in leaning or crooked stems, or on upper or lower sides of branches, as a means of counteracting the effects of gravity.

A

Reaction wood

19
Q

a form of reaction wood in broadleaved trees (hardwoods) that forms on the upper side of branches or the trunks of leaning trees.

A

Tension wood

20
Q

lignified, differentiated tissues produced on woody plants as a response to wounding.

A

Woundwood

21
Q

inward curling formation of woundwood resembling the horns of a ram.

A

Ram’s horn