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Procedures: 2. DOSI/Treatment Volume Localization > Treatment Techniques and Anatomic Relationships > Flashcards

Treatment Techniques and Anatomic Relationships Flashcards

ie. Various Treatment Types and Procedures

1
Q

List the different types of Radiation Therapy Treatments/Techniques (8 main)

A
  1. 3D Conformal Radiation Therapy
  2. Electron Beam
  3. IMRT (Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy)
  4. Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS)
  5. Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT)
  6. Total-Body Irradiation (TBI)
  7. IGRT (Image Guided Radiotherapy)
  8. Particle Beam Radiotherapy (ex. protons)
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2
Q

Which type of Radiation Therapy Treatment is being described?
“Treats small tumors within the cranium at a high dose”

A

SRS

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3
Q

Which type of Radiation Therapy Treatment is being described?
“a radiation beam that has varying intensities throughout the beam”

A

IMRT

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4
Q

Which type of Radiation Therapy Treatment is being described?
“Conforms the radiation beam so that the target volume receives the prescribed dose, and the surrounding healthy tissue receives a much lower dose”

A

3D Conformal Radiation Therapy (3D-CRT)

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5
Q

Which type of Radiation Therapy Treatment is being described?
“a monoenergetic beam that is used for superficial tumors”

A

Electron beam

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6
Q

Which type of Radiation Therapy Treatment is being described?
“Patient is imaged prior to trt to confirm the position; shifts of the table can be made before trt for more accuracy in trt delivery”

A

IGRT

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7
Q

Which type of Radiation Therapy Treatment is being described?
“high-energy charged particles, such as protons, alpha particles, and carbon ions”

A

Particle Beam Radiotherapy

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8
Q

Which type of Radiation Therapy Treatment is being described?
“treats small tumors outside the cranium with a very high dose for about 3-5 fractions”

A

SBRT

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9
Q

Which type of Radiation Therapy Treatment is being described?
“radiation therapy that targets the whole body to prepare for bone marrow transplants and to treat other malignancies”

A

TBI

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10
Q

______ = The dose curve of a proton beam starts off low at the beginning, but then rapidly rises toward the end of the path and then abruptly falls to zero

A

Bragg Peak (Proton Bragg Peak)

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11
Q

Protons DO or DO NOT have an exit dose?

A

DO NOT

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12
Q

The dose curve of a proton beam starts off HIGH or LOW?

A

LOW

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13
Q

The following graph is of what?

A

Proton Bragg Peak

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14
Q

the following are examples of what?

EPID (Electronic Portal Imaging Device; port films)
KV
MV cone beam CT
ultrasound

A

IGRT

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15
Q

what are examples of machines that can perform SRS (Stereotactic Radiosurgery) (2)

A

CyberKnife or Gamma Knife

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16
Q

T/F:
even though less common, SRS can also treat some tumors in the spine

A

TRUE

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17
Q

The following diseases would likely be treated with what Treatment Technique?

-AVMs (Arteriovenous Malformations)
-Trigeminal neuralgia
-Acoustic neuromas
-Meningiomas
-Pituitary adenomas
-Metastatic and primary bone tumors

A

SRS (Stereotactic Radiosurgery)

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18
Q

SRS of intracranial lesions may require a ______ to be attached to the patient’s head

A

frame

SRS can be frameless or use a frame nowadays… if a frame is used, it is actually connected to the trt table

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19
Q

SRS treatment positioning MUST BE accurate and within +/- ___ mm

A

+/- 1 mm

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20
Q

SRS treatment positioning must be within +/- 1 cm

A

FALSE
it is mm, NOT cm watch and read carefully on registry

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21
Q

tumors treated with SRS are typically less than __ cm in size

A

less than 3 cm in size typically

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22
Q

how many fractions does SRS treat tumors in?

A

1 fraction

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23
Q

IMRT uses ________ treatment planning and dynamic _____

A

inverse treatment planning and dynamic MLCs

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24
Q

T/F: the dose of IMRT beams IS uniform

A

FALSE - IMRT doses ARE NOT UNIFORM
MODULATED

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25
IMRT has many smaller beams sometimes called __________
beamlets
26
what is the common size of IMRT beamlets?
commonly as small as 1 cm x 1 cm
27
what type of treatment technique scatters easily?
electron beam
28
since an electron beam scatters easily (not heavy particles) what is used to confine the beam?
a cone; "electron cones"
29
define "Penumbra"
fuzziness we see on Field Size (FS) edges
30
electron beam field edges balloon out why?
because of scatter. Electron beams are not definitive like photon beams
31
electron beams have a "rapid falloff" of dose... what does that mean for deeper organs?
it means that deeper organs and tissues will receive very little or no dose
32
what treatment technique is planned using 3D imaging, such as CT scans (computed tomography)
3D-CRT (3D Conformal Radiation Therapy)
33
in the following example, the patient is laying face up/on their back - what do we call that?
SUPINE
34
in the following example, the patient is lying face down/on their stomach - what do we call that?
PRONE
35
patient setup must be ____________ from the CT sim to each daily trt *hint - the word starts with an R*
reproducible
36
T/F: the patient is lined up using lasers mounted on the walls and ceilings and the tattoo marks on their skin
TRUE
37
T/F: there are NO lasers on the ceiling of trt rooms
FALSE - there is very much indeed lasers on ceiling and walls to help create/locate our isocenter
38
Which of the following three options best matches the description? "Help to constrain patient" 1. Patient positioning aids 2. Complex immobilization devices 3. Simple immobilization devices
Simple immobilization devices
39
Which of the following three options best matches the description? "Help to position patient for treatment" 1. Patient positioning aids 2. Complex immobilization devices 3. Simple immobilization devices
Patient positioning aids
40
Which of the following three options best matches the description? "Limit the patient's movement and create a very reproducible patient setup" 1. Patient positioning aids 2. Complex immobilization devices 3. Simple immobilization devices
Complex immobilization devices
41
Which of the following three options best matches the description? "Does NOT limit the patient's movement" "Can be used for multiple patients" 1. Patient positioning aids 2. Complex immobilization devices 3. Simple immobilization devices
Patient positioning aids
42
Which of the following three options best matches the description? "Used with positioning aids" "Not as restricting" 1. Patient positioning aids 2. Complex immobilization devices 3. Simple immobilization devices
Simple immobilization devices
43
Which of the following three options best matches the description? "Customized for each patient" 1. Patient positioning aids 2. Complex immobilization devices 3. Simple immobilization devices
Complex immobilization devices
44
Which of the following three options best matches the examples? --> tape, rubber band, arm-to-foot straps 1. Patient positioning aids 2. Complex immobilization devices 3. Simple immobilization devices
Simple immobilization devices
45
Which of the following three options best matches the examples? --> Alpha Cradle, Vac-Lok, thermoplastic molds, bite blocks 1. Patient positioning aids 2. Complex immobilization devices 3. Simple immobilization devices
Complex immobilization devices
46
Which of the following three options best matches the examples? --> head holders (timos), sponge pillows, foam cushions, neck rolls 1. Patient positioning aids 2. Complex immobilization devices 3. Simple immobilization devices
Patient positioning aids
47
T/F: contrast media can be used during CT simulation process
TRUE
48
what does contrast media do?
highlight specific organs to further help create the trt plan
49
T/F: contrast media can highlight the area(s) being treated AND highlight critical structures to be avoided
TRUE
50
what are the two basic categories of contrast agents?
negative (radiolucent) and positive (radiopaque)
51
which is easier to penetrate by x-ray, thus appears darker? Radiolucent OR Radiopaque And why
Radiolucent - these contrast media agents have low atomic numbers and x-rays can penetrate easier/more... whereas Radiopaque agents have higher atomic numbers and absorb x-ray photons more and appear opaque (white)
52
_________ is a heavy metal salt, and is THE MOST commonly used contrast agent for gastrointestinal tract examinations *hint - is chunky*
Barium Sulfate
53
T/F: Barium sulfate can be administered orally or rectally (in an aqueous (water-based) suspension)
TRUE
54
what is the atomic number of Barium sulfate? And what can we gather from it?
Z = 56 we gather it is a high Z number SO Barium sulfate appears radiopaque (absorbs xray photon rays well... appears white)
55
iodine-based contrast materials are typically injected via _____
IV (intravenous; into the vein)
56
what is a good and commonly used contrast media for visual enhancement of vascular organs and structures
iodine- based contrast
57
what is the Z number for iondine?
Z = atomic number = 53
58
define "peristalsis"
intestinal contractions
59
T/F: Air can be considered a contrast agent
TRUE - think, breath hold during CT sim
60
define "intrathecal"
lumbar puncture; into spinal cord
61
__________ ________ __________ Therapy treats small tumors, excluding the cranium, with very high doses in 3-5 fractions
stereotactic body radiation therapy
62
what technique prepares a patient for a bone marrow transplant?
TBI
63
_____ _____ = dose curve of protons starts low off, but then rapidly rises and then abruptly falls to zero
Bragg Peak
64
FILL IN THE BLANKS: 1. ________ = towards the front 2. ________ = towards the back 3. ________ = towards the head 4. ________ = towards the feet 5. ________ = near midline/center 6. ________ = away from midline/center 7. ________ = nearer to the point of origin/attachment 8. ________ = away from the point of origin/attachment 9. ________ = on or near the surface 10. _______ = away from the body surface
1. anterior 2. posterior 3. superior 4. inferior 5. medial 6. lateral 7. proximal 8. distal 9. superficial 10. deep
65
Body Habitus definitions - define "Hypersthenic"
short, wide trunk, great body weight, and heavy skeletal framework
66
Body Habitus definitions - define "Hyposthenic"
average physique
67
Body Habitus definitions - define "Sthenic"
of considerable weight, with a heavy skeletal framework
68
Body Habitus definitions - define "Asthenic"
slenderer physique, light body weight, and light skeletal framework
69
a CT slice is utilizing what plane/view
axial/transverse/horizontal
70
AP is another term for ______/______
Coronal/Frontal
71
Lateral is another term for ______
Sagittal
72
Transverse is another term for _____/_____
AXial/horizontal
73
TD 5/5 for - Bladder
6500 cGy
74
TD 5/5 for - Brachial plexus
6000 cGy
75
TD 5/5 for - Brain
4500 cGy
76
TD 5/5 for - Cauda equina
6000 cGy
77
TD 5/5 for - Colon
4500 cGy
78
TD 5/5 for - Esophagus
5500 cGy
79
TD 5/5 for - Femoral head
5200 cGy
80
TD 5/5 for - Heart
4000 cGy
81
TD 5/5 for - kidney
2300 cGy
82
TD 5/5 for - larnyx necrosis
7000 cGy
83
TD 5/5 for - larnyx edema
4500 cGy
84
TD 5/5 for - Lens
1000 cGy
85
TD 5/5 for - Liver
3000 cGy
86
TD 5/5 for - Lung
1750 cGy
87
TD 5/5 for - optic chiasm
5000 cGy
88
TD 5/5 for - optic nerve
5000 cGy
89
TD 5/5 for - parotid gland
3200 cGy
90
TD 5/5 for - rectum
6000 cGy
91
TD 5/5 for - retina
4500 cGy
92
TD 5/5 for - spinal cord
4700 cGy
93
TD 5/5 for - small intestine
4000 cGy
94
TD 5/5 for - stomach
5000 cGy
95
TD 5/5 for - TMJ mandible
6000 cGy
96
TD 5/5 for - thyroid
4500 cGy
97
what is "intrarterial", ie. if contrast is adminstered intrarterially, how is it administered?
into artery
98
Which has a higher atomic number, radiolucent contrast agent, or radiopaque?
radiopaque (bright) agents have a higher atomic number when compared to radiolucent (dark) agents
99
air, oxygen, and carbon dioxide are examples of radiolucent or radiopaque contrast agents?
radiolucent
100
iodine, gadolinium, and barium are examples of radiolucent or radiopaque contrast agents?
radiopaque contrast agents
101
radiolucent contrast agents appear ___bright//dark___ whereas radiopaque appear ____bright//dark____
radiolucent appear dark, whereas radiopaque appear bright.
102
is the following describing SIMPLE immobilization devices or COMPLEX? "limit the patient's movement and create a reproducible setup; customized for each patient"
COMPLEX
102
is the following describing SIMPLE immobilization devices or COMPLEX? "help to constrain the patient; moderately restrictive"
SIMPLE
103
the following are examples of COMPLEX or SIMPLE immobilization devices? -rubber bands -shoulder pulls
SIMPLE
104
the following are examples of COMPLEX or SIMPLE immobilization devices? -alpha cradles -vac-loks -aquaplasts -bite blocks
COMPLEX

Procedures: 2. DOSI/Treatment Volume Localization (7 decks)

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