Treatment of psychological disorders

Question 1

Psychodynamic treatments

Answer 1

Pyschoanalysis (Freud)

Brief psychodynamic therapies

Question 2

Humanistic treatments

Answer 2

Person-centred therapy (Rogers)
Gestalt therapy (Peris)

Question 3

Cognitive treatments

Answer 3

Rational-emotive therapyy (Ellis)
Cognitive therapy (Beck)

Question 4

Behavioural treatments

Answer 4

• Classical conditioning (Exposure, systematic desensitisation, aversion therapy)
• Operant conditioning (Positive reinforcement, Punishment, behavioural activation)
• Modelling (social skills training)
• ‘Third-wave’ cognitive behavioural (mindfulness-based treatments, acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectiacal behavioural therapy)

Question 5

Biological treatments

Answer 5

• Drug therapy
• Electro-convulsive therapy
• Psycho-surgery

Question 6

Goal of psychoanalysis

Answer 6

To help clients achieve insight

Question 7

Insight

Answer 7

The conscious awareness of the psychodynamix that underlie their problems

Question 8

Free association

Answer 8

Clients verbally report without censorship any thought, feelings or images that enter their awareness.

Question 9

Freud

Answer 9

Believed that contents of the unconscious mind can be found in ongoing streams of thoughts, memories, images and feelings that people experienced

Question 10

Dreams

Answer 10

Dreams express impulses, fantasies, wishes that the client’s defences keep bottled up in the unconsciou during wakign hours

Question 11

Dream interpretation

Answer 11

The analyst helps the client search for the unconscious material contained in the dreams. A way the anaylst can do this is by asking the client to free-associate to each element of the dream. They then help the client arrive at an understanding of what the symbols in the dream might really represent

Question 12

Resistance

Answer 12

Defensive manoeuvres that hinder the process of therapy. It can appear in many different forms such as the clien avoiding to talk about certain topics. It is a sign that anxiety-arousing material is being approached.

Question 13

Transference

Answer 13

Occurs when the client responds irrationally to the analyst as if she or he were an important figure from the clients past

Question 14

Positive transference

Answer 14

Occurs when the client transfers feleings of intense affection, dependency or love to the analyst, based on past relationships

Question 15

Negative transference

Answer 15

Involves irrational expressions of anger, hatred, fear or disappointment transferred onto the therapist from important past relationships.

Question 16

Interpretation

Answer 16

Any statement by the therapist that is intended to provide the client with insight into his or her behaviour or dynamics.

Question 17

General rule of psychoanalytic treatment

Answer 17

Interpret what is already near the surface and just beyond the client’s current awareness.

Question 18

Interpersonal therapy

Answer 18

Focuses almost exclusively on clients’ current relationships with important people in their lives

Question 19

Person-centred therapy (Carl Rogers)

Answer 19

Focused his attention on the kind of therapeutic environment that seemed most effective in fostering self-exploration and personal growth

Question 20

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 20

Is communicated when the therapis shows that he or she genuinely cares about and accepts the clients, without judgement or evaluation. Therapist also communicates a sense of trust in the clients ability to work through his or her problems. This is often displayed by the therapist refusing to offer advice or guidance

Question 21

Empathy

Answer 21

The willingness and ability to view the world through the client’s eyes. Therapist comes to sense the feelings and meanings experienced by the client and communicates this undersstanding to the client. The therapist does this by reflecting back to the client what he or she is communicating e.g. rephrasing something the client has said in a way that captures the meaning and emotion involved

Question 22

Genuineness

Answer 22

Refers to the consistency between the way the therapist feels and the way he or she behaves. The therapist must be open enough to express his or her own feelings honestly whether it is positive or negative.

Question 23

Gestalt therapy (Perls)

Answer 23

Is often carried out in groups and utilises a variety of imaginative techniques to help clients get in touch with their inner selves. Are much more active and dramatic that person-centred approaches and are sometimes confrontational. The therapist oftne asks the client to role-play different aspects of themselves so that they may directly experience their inner dynamics

Question 24

Empty chair technique

Answer 24

Client is asked to imagine someone is sitting in the chair and to carry out a conversation in which he alternately plays each role changing chairs each time for a different person about how they feel about important issues within their relationship.

Question 25

Ellis’s rational-emotive therapy (ABCDE)

Answer 25

A) Activating event 
B) Belief system 
C) Emotitional and behavioural responses 
D) Disputation of B)
E) Effective new belief

Question 26

Aversion therapy

Answer 26

The therapist pairs a stimulus that is attractive to the client (the CS) with a noxious (UCS) in an attempt to condition an aversion to the CS

Question 27

Behaviour modification

Answer 27

Refers to tratment techniques that apply operant conditioning procedures in an attempt to increase or decrease a specific behaviour

Question 28

Social skills training

Answer 28

Clients learn new skills by observing and then imitating a model who performs a socially skillful behaviour

Question 29

Mindfulness

Answer 29

Is a mental state of awareness, focus, openness and acceptance of immediate experience

Question 30

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

Answer 30

Focuses on the process of mindfulness as a primary vehicle for change

Question 31

Cultural congruence

Answer 31

Treatment that is consistent with cultural beliefs and expectations

Question 32

Culturally competent therapists

Answer 32

Are able to use knowledge about the client’s culture to achieve a broad understanding of the client.

Question 33

Three major categories of anti-depressent drugs

Answer 33

Tricyclics, monoamine oxidase (MAO) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRI

Question 34

Psychosurgery

Answer 34

Refers to surgical procedures that remove or destroy brain tissue in an attempt to change disordered behaviour

Question 35

Tardive dyskinensia

Answer 35

Is a side effect of antipsychotic drugs