Treatment of psychological disorders Flashcards
Psychodynamic treatments
Pyschoanalysis (Freud)
Brief psychodynamic therapies
Humanistic treatments
Person-centred therapy (Rogers) Gestalt therapy (Peris)
Cognitive treatments
Rational-emotive therapyy (Ellis) Cognitive therapy (Beck)
Behavioural treatments
- Classical conditioning (Exposure, systematic desensitisation, aversion therapy)
- Operant conditioning (Positive reinforcement, Punishment, behavioural activation)
- Modelling (social skills training)
- ‘Third-wave’ cognitive behavioural (mindfulness-based treatments, acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectiacal behavioural therapy)
Biological treatments
- Drug therapy
- Electro-convulsive therapy
- Psycho-surgery
Goal of psychoanalysis
To help clients achieve insight
Insight
The conscious awareness of the psychodynamix that underlie their problems
Free association
Clients verbally report without censorship any thought, feelings or images that enter their awareness.
Freud
Believed that contents of the unconscious mind can be found in ongoing streams of thoughts, memories, images and feelings that people experienced
Dreams
Dreams express impulses, fantasies, wishes that the client’s defences keep bottled up in the unconsciou during wakign hours
Dream interpretation
The analyst helps the client search for the unconscious material contained in the dreams. A way the anaylst can do this is by asking the client to free-associate to each element of the dream. They then help the client arrive at an understanding of what the symbols in the dream might really represent
Resistance
Defensive manoeuvres that hinder the process of therapy. It can appear in many different forms such as the clien avoiding to talk about certain topics. It is a sign that anxiety-arousing material is being approached.
Transference
Occurs when the client responds irrationally to the analyst as if she or he were an important figure from the clients past
Positive transference
Occurs when the client transfers feleings of intense affection, dependency or love to the analyst, based on past relationships
Negative transference
Involves irrational expressions of anger, hatred, fear or disappointment transferred onto the therapist from important past relationships.
Interpretation
Any statement by the therapist that is intended to provide the client with insight into his or her behaviour or dynamics.
General rule of psychoanalytic treatment
Interpret what is already near the surface and just beyond the client’s current awareness.
Interpersonal therapy
Focuses almost exclusively on clients’ current relationships with important people in their lives
Person-centred therapy (Carl Rogers)
Focused his attention on the kind of therapeutic environment that seemed most effective in fostering self-exploration and personal growth
Unconditional positive regard
Is communicated when the therapis shows that he or she genuinely cares about and accepts the clients, without judgement or evaluation. Therapist also communicates a sense of trust in the clients ability to work through his or her problems. This is often displayed by the therapist refusing to offer advice or guidance
Empathy
The willingness and ability to view the world through the client’s eyes. Therapist comes to sense the feelings and meanings experienced by the client and communicates this undersstanding to the client. The therapist does this by reflecting back to the client what he or she is communicating e.g. rephrasing something the client has said in a way that captures the meaning and emotion involved
Genuineness
Refers to the consistency between the way the therapist feels and the way he or she behaves. The therapist must be open enough to express his or her own feelings honestly whether it is positive or negative.
Gestalt therapy (Perls)
Is often carried out in groups and utilises a variety of imaginative techniques to help clients get in touch with their inner selves. Are much more active and dramatic that person-centred approaches and are sometimes confrontational. The therapist oftne asks the client to role-play different aspects of themselves so that they may directly experience their inner dynamics
Empty chair technique
Client is asked to imagine someone is sitting in the chair and to carry out a conversation in which he alternately plays each role changing chairs each time for a different person about how they feel about important issues within their relationship.
Ellis’s rational-emotive therapy (ABCDE)
A) Activating event B) Belief system C) Emotitional and behavioural responses D) Disputation of B) E) Effective new belief
Aversion therapy
The therapist pairs a stimulus that is attractive to the client (the CS) with a noxious (UCS) in an attempt to condition an aversion to the CS
Behaviour modification
Refers to tratment techniques that apply operant conditioning procedures in an attempt to increase or decrease a specific behaviour
Social skills training
Clients learn new skills by observing and then imitating a model who performs a socially skillful behaviour
Mindfulness
Is a mental state of awareness, focus, openness and acceptance of immediate experience
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
Focuses on the process of mindfulness as a primary vehicle for change
Cultural congruence
Treatment that is consistent with cultural beliefs and expectations
Culturally competent therapists
Are able to use knowledge about the client’s culture to achieve a broad understanding of the client.
Three major categories of anti-depressent drugs
Tricyclics, monoamine oxidase (MAO) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRI
Psychosurgery
Refers to surgical procedures that remove or destroy brain tissue in an attempt to change disordered behaviour
Tardive dyskinensia
Is a side effect of antipsychotic drugs
