Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Why is abnormality hard to define

Answer 1

It is hard to define because what is consdered to be abnormal can differ depending on the time and culture.

Question 2

Abnormal behaviour

Answer 2

The behaviour that is personlly distressing, personally dsyfunctional and/or so culturally deviant that other people judge it to be inappropriate or maladaptive

Question 3

Four components of anxiety

Answer 3

• Subjective-emotional component including feelings of fear and apprehension
• A cognitive component, includidng worrisome thoughts and a sense of inability to cope
• Physiological responses, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, muscle tension, rapid breathing, nausea or dry mouth
• Behavioural responses, such as avoidance of certain situations and impaired performance on other tasks

Question 4

Anxiety and related disorders

Answer 4

The frequency and tendency of anxiety responses are out of proportion to the situations that trigger them

Question 5

Phobias

Answer 5

Are strong and irrational fears of certain objects or situations.

Question 6

Generalised anxiety disorder

Answer 6

Is a chronic (ongoing) state of diffuse , or free floating anxiety and worry that is not attached to specific situations or objects.

Question 7

Panic disorder

Answer 7

Occur suddenly and unpredictably, and they are much more intense

Question 8

Judgement of abnormality

Answer 8

It is determined by whether or not it is distressing to the self or others, if a person is dysfunctional for themselves or society. If a person exhibits abnormal behaviour

Question 9

Historical perspectives

Answer 9

Ancient Chinese Eygptian and hebrew people contrbuted deviance as the work of the devil
Medival Europe people believed that abnormal people were either possessed involuntarily by the devil or had voluntarily made up a pact with the forces of darkness
Greek physicians Hippocrates suggested that mental illnesses were a disease just like physical disorders

Question 10

Vulnerability-stress model

Answer 10

Each person has some degree of vulnerability for developing a psychological disorder. The predispositons can be biological, environmental, social and.or cultural.

Question 11

Disorders

Answer 11

Are triggered when created by a stressor

Question 12

The Four P’s

Answer 12

Predisposing factors
Precipitating factors
Perpetuating factors
Protective factors

Question 13

Mood disordes

Answer 13

Refers to a long-lasting emotional state that influences our perceptions of the world
Boh positive and negative moods become patholigcal when they start to affect our ability to learn, work and function

Question 14

Major Depression

Answer 14

Is an intense state of sadness (dysphoria) and/or lack of ability to feel positive emotion (anhedonia) that leaves them unable to function effectively

Question 15

Depression (Emotional symptoms)

Answer 15

Sadness
Hopelessness
Misery
Inability to enjoy

Question 16

Depression (Motivational symptoms)

Answer 16

Loss of interest
Lack of drive
Difficulty starting anything

Question 17

Cognitive symptoms

Answer 17

Negative cognitions about self- world and future

Difficult making decisions and concentrating

Question 18

Somatic symptoms

Answer 18

Loss of appetitie
Lack of energy
Sleep difficulties
Weight loss/gain

Question 19

Bipolar disorder (1.8% of the population)

Answer 19

Depression alternates with periods of mania which is a state of highly exicted mood and behaviour that is quite the opposite of depression. Must have symptoms for 12 months

Question 20

Different forms of bipolar disorder

Answer 20

Bipolar I
Bipolar II
Cyclothymia

Question 21

Dysthymia

Answer 21

Less intense form of depression that has a less dramatic effects on personal and occupational functioning, but continues for a signifcant amount of time largely unabated

Question 22

Dopamine hypothesis (Schizophrenia)

Answer 22

The symptoms of schizophrenia - particularly positive symptoms- are produced by overactivity of the dopamine system in areas of the brain that regulate emotional expression, motivated behaviour and cognitive functioning

Question 23

Symptoms of a manic episode

Answer 23

Elevated mood, diminished nned for sleep, racing thoughts, delusional thoughts, shopping sprees

Question 24

Hypomania Symptoms

Answer 24

Hightened creativity,
Increased productivity
Extremly pleasurable/rewarding

Question 25

Schizophrenia (1% of the worlds population)

Answer 25

Results in sever disturbances in speech, thinking, perception, emotion & behaviour

Question 26

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 26

Hallucinations (auditory, visual, sensory, gustatory & olfactory)
Delusions (Grandeur, Persecutions, capgras syndrome [imposter]. thought insertion, ideas of reference, control)

Question 27

Delusions

Answer 27

False beliefs that are sustained in the face of evidence that normally would be sufficient to negate these beliefs

Question 28

Halluncinations

Answer 28

False perceptions that have a compelling sense of reality

Question 29

Antisocial personality disorder(APD)

Answer 29

Seem to lack a conscience, they exhibit little anxiety or guilt and tend to be impulsive and unable to delay gratification of their needs

Question 30

Negative symptoms (Schizophrenia)

Answer 30

Avolition, alogia, anhedonia, affective flattening, catatonia

Question 31

Disorganised symptoms (Schizophrenia)

Answer 31

Speech (tangentiality, loose association or derailment, word salad, clanging, flight ideas)
Inappropriate affect
Appearance

Question 32

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Answer 32

Is when two or more personalities coexist within the same person

Question 33

Frank Putnam Trauma-dissociation theory

Answer 33

The development of new personalities occurs in response to severe stress. For the majority of patients this begins in early childhood, frequently in response to physical or sexual abuse.