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HPS121 > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Attributions

A

Are judgements about the casues of our own and other people’s behaviour and outcomes

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2
Q

Personal (internal) attributes

A

People’s characteristics cause the behaviour

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3
Q

Situational (external) attributions

A

Aspects of the situation cause a behaviour

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4
Q

What are the three types of information that determine an attribute

A

Consistency
Distinctiveness
Consensus

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5
Q

How to determine an attribute

A

If two out of the three types of information used to determine an attribute are low and the other one is high that means it is a personal attribute.
If all three of the types of information that determine an attribute are high that means it is a situational attribute

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6
Q

Fundamenental attribution error (attribution bias)

A

People underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the role of personal factors when explaining other people’s behaviour

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7
Q

Social psychology

A

The scientific investigation of how thoughts, feelings and behavious of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others

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8
Q

Self-serving bias

A

The tendency to over emphasise personal characterisitics for our own successes but situational factors for our failures

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9
Q

Culture and attributions

A

Attributions are affected by a persons culture because cultural influences have an affect on how people percieve their social world

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10
Q

Primary effect

A

Refers to peoples tendency to attach more importanct to the initial information that we learn about a person. People tend to be most alert to information they first recieve and initial information can also shape how people percieve subsequent information.

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11
Q

Stereotypes

A

Is a generalised belief about a group or category of people

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12
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Occurs when people’s expectations lead them to act toward others in a way that brings about the expected behaviours, thereby confirming their original impression

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13
Q

Attitude

A

Is a positive or negect evaluative reaction toward stimulus, such as a person, action, object or concept. They are learned and shaped via socialisation and experience and are relatively enduring.

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14
Q

Theory of planned behaviour

A

Intention is to engage in a behaviour that is strongest when people have a positive attitude toward that behaviour, when subjective norms (our perceptions of what other people think we should do) support our attitudes and when we believe that the behaviour is under our control

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15
Q

What do attitudes do?

A
  • Attitudes influence behaviour more strongly when situational factors that contradict peoples attitudes are weak
  • Attitudes have a greater influence on behaviour when people are aware of them and when they are strongly held
  • General attitudes best predict general classes of behaviour, and specific attitudes best predict specific behaviours
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16
Q

Theory of cognitive dissonance

A

People strive for consistency in their cognitions. Predicts that to reduce dissonancy and restore the state of cognitive consistency people will change on of their cognitions or add new cognitions.

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17
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

Is when two or more cognitions contradict one another causing the person to experience an uncomfortable state of tension.

18
Q

Counterattitudinal behavour

A

Behaviour is inconsistent with one’s attitude.

19
Q

Self-perception theory

A

People make inferences about their own attitudes in much the same way: by observing the way people behave.

20
Q

Communicator credibility

A

How believable people perceive the communicator to be. This is often key to effective persuasion

21
Q

Credibility

A

Contains two major components: expertise and trustworthiness

22
Q

The central route to persuasion

A

Occurs when people think carefully about the message and are influenced because they find the arguments compelling

23
Q

The peripheral rout to persuasion

A

Occurs when people do not scruntinise the message but are influenced mostly by other factors such as a speaker’s attractiveness or a message’s emotional appeal

24
Q

Two-sided refutional approach

A

Is the most efffective way to persuade someone especially if the audience initially disagrees with the communicators viewpoint

25
Q

Social norms

A

Are shared expectations about how people should think, feel and behave

26
Q

Social role

A

Consists of a set of norms that characterises how people in a given social position ought to behave

27
Q

Social norms and roles

A

Can influence peoples’ behavour so strongly that they can compel a person to act uncharacterisitically.

28
Q

Information social influence

A

Following the opinions or behaviours of other people because people believe that they gave accurate knowledge and that what they are doing is right

29
Q

Normative social influence

A

Conforming to obtain the rewards that come from being accepted by other people while at the same time avoiding their rejection

30
Q

Factors that affect conformity

A

Group size and presence of a dissenter

31
Q

Factors that influence obedience

A
  • Remoteness of the victim
  • Closeness and legitimacy of the authority figure
  • Diffusion of responsibility
  • Personal characteristics
32
Q

Norm of recipocity

A

Involves the expectation that when others treat people well, they should respond in a kind way

33
Q

Door-in-the-face technique

A

A persuader makes a large request, expecting you to reject it and then presents a smaller request

34
Q

Foot-in-the-door

A

A persuader gets a person to comply with a small requet first and later presents a larger request

35
Q

Lowballing

A

A persuader gets you to commit some action and then-before you can actually perform the behaviour- he or she increases the ‘cost’ of the same behaviour

36
Q

Social loafing

A

Is the tendency for people to expend less individual effort when working in a group than when working alone

37
Q

Social compensation

A

Working harder in a group than when alone to compensate for other members’ lower output

38
Q

Group polarisation

A

When a group of like-minded people discuass an issue, the ‘aerage’ opinion of group members tends to become more extreme

39
Q

Groupthink

A

The tendency of group members to suspend critical thinking because they are striving to seek agreement

40
Q

Deindividuation

A

A loss of individuality that leads to disinhibted behaviour

41
Q

Social identity theory

A

Prejudice stems from a need to enhance our self-esteem

42
Q

Realistic conflict theory

A

Competition for limited resources foster prejudice

HPS121 (7 decks)

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