Treatment of psychological disorders Flashcards
What are efficacy studies? How does it work?
Control and internal validity
- Randomized controlled trials (treatment or placebo control groups)
What are effectiveness studies? How does it work?
External validity
- Examine outcomes of therapy in real world settings
What’re the symptoms for antipsychotic drugs?
2nd gen: + and - symptoms
1st gen: + symptoms only
- no tardive dyskinesia, weight gain
What’re the symptoms for antidepressants (tricyclic, MAOI)?
Tricyclic: fatal side effects with foods rich in amino acid
MAOI: side effects, toxic in high doses
What’re the symptoms for antidepressants (SSRI, SNRI)?
SSRI: prozac better tolerated, not fatal (inhibit uptake of serotonin)
SNRI: similar side effects to SSRIs (block reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin)
What is the current state about SSRIs and suicide?
- increased risk (can be anticipated and managed)
- delay before clinically obvious improvements
- Rollercoaster effect in mood
What are the symptoms of antianxiety drugs?
- absorbed quickly
- low dose: lower anxiety
- high dose: sleep
- addictive potential, withdrawal symptoms
What is lithium used for, what does it prevent, what does it affect in a toxic manner, why is there a delay and why can compliance be hard?
- Bipolar disorder
- Kidneys (blood monitoring)
- can’t patent
- miss highs, energy
When is ECT recommended?
Severe depression, suicidality
When is neurosurgery recommended?
Rare and severe and treatment-resistant cases of OCD, self-mutilation, anorexia
Medication vs. psychotherapy… (5)
- Mild forms: therapy
- Severe: psychiatrist (medoc) & therapy
- Medication faster than therapy
- Drugs don’t cutre psychological disorders
- Medication necessary in some cases
How can combined treatment of medication and psychotherapy be effective?
- Medication can help engage in therapy
- Medication can help in the acute phase
What are the basic principles of psychodynamic therapy?
- Bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where patient can deal with them
- Release energy from id-ego-superego
- Bring conflicts into conscious awareness
- Identify defense mechanisms
What is the free association technique? What does the therapist look for?
- Words are given and you must say whatever comes to mind
- Therapist looks for actual responses and hesitations
- Give voice to repressed mental content
What is the dream analysis technique?
- Input: Sensory stimulation, current concerns, unconscious id impulses
Dream analysis: what is manifest and latent content?
Manifest: actual content and sensory images
Latent: disguised meaning
What is the analysis of resistance technique?
Unconscious avoidance of threatening material that the therapist attempts to identify the source of resistance
What is the transference technique? What does the therapist work through?
Analyst becomes object of client’s feelings toward significant others.
- Resolving old conflicts in safety of the therapeutic setting
What are the pros and cons of psychodynamic therapy?
Pros: today much shorter, less emphasis on psychosexual stages
Cons: long-term traditionally, expensive
What is the minding of behaviour therapy?
Key to recovery is to learn new more functional behaviors
Describe the exposure technique. (In vevo, imaginal, interoceptive)
- Directly face the feared stimulus
- Anixety diminishes over time and fear becomes extinguished
- In vevo: pictures
- Imaginal: imagine in mind
- Interoceptive: for ppl with panic
Describe the relaxation training technique.
- To reduce levels of stress, anxiety, pain, anger, panic
- Deep breathing
- Increases self-efficacy
Describe systematic desensitization. What is counterconditioning?
- CC: replace fear response with relaxation response
- 3 steps: relaxation training, construct fear hierarchy, imagine exposure to fear hierarchy while engaging in relaxation
Describe modeling.
- Learning new skills through imitation.
- Therapist performs behaviour required and client practices
Describe social skills and assertiveness training. (4)
- Education
- Identifying problem areas
- Practice/role-play
- Apply to situations in real world
Describe behavioural activation.
- Activity schedule to increase positive activities and reduce avoidance
- Start with short-term goals to build up to long-term goals
Describe contingency management.
- Introduce reinforcers for wanted behaviors and introduce punishers to eliminate unwanted behaviors
What are the pros and cons of behaviour therapy?
Pros: highly scientific, works quickly
Cons: may not work with more complex problems, may only tackle observable symptoms, not hidden problems, only treats surface
What does cognitive-behavioural therapy focus on?
Distorted thoughts and information processing
What is a schema? (What is it influenced by?) What’re the 3 types of schemas?
Underlying mental representation of knowledge that guides the current processing of information
- influenced by experiences, abilities and guide us through the world
- World, self, others
What do schemas help us do.
Useful, influence how we see and react to our environment, lead to vulnerability when distorted, organize and categorize
What do you do when there is an alternative schema and when there is not?
Is: basic CT will work relatively quickly
Is not: clients will see evidence against their beliefs but will still say “I am bad”, must identify and strengthen alternative schemas
What do cognitive distortions lead to?
- Give rise to negative automatic thoughts, lead to faulty information processing/cognitive distortions (cause, maintain, intensity negative emotions)
