treatment and coping strategies

Question 1

positive technique strategies

Answer 1

• positive strategies decrease the amount of stress perceived and experienced.

Question 2

positive coping responses keep you in..?

Answer 2

the present moment and give you chances to actively work toward solving your problems.

Question 3

Positive coping response EG

Answer 3

listening to music ->
decreases stress

Question 4

Negative techique stratagies

Answer 4

dimisish symptoms of stress without addressing the real problem or disorder

Question 5

negative coping responses often make your…?

Answer 5

stress worse because they wear you down over time or are temp distractions

Question 6

negative coping responses often make your…?

Answer 6

stress worse because they wear you down over time or are temp distractions

Question 7

negative coping responses often make your…?

Answer 7

stress worse because they wear you down over time or are temp distractions

Question 8

negative coping responses EG

Answer 8

the use of alcohol, drugs, overeating and other risky or aggressibe behaviours to cope with stress or anxiety. Driving too fast in a car (distraction)** may be counter-productive and fail to reduce stress**

Question 9

what are are thr five main classifications of antidepressants?

Answer 9

MAOI, Tricyclics, SSRI, SNRI,
Atypical antidepressants.

Question 10

difference between SSRI and SNRI

Answer 10

SSRI - increase serotonin levels in the brain
SNRI- increase **both **serotonin and norepinephrine levels

Question 11

BIOLOGICAL — POSITIVE TECHNIQUE, EMOTION FOCUSSED

Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

what do SSRI’s mainly affect?

Answer 11

serotonin rather than the other neurotransmitters; they do not cause more serotonin to be produced but rather help the brain to use the serotonin levels it has more
efficiently and effectively.

During neurotransmission, when the serotonin is released into the synaptic cleft, it can either be transported to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron and be broken down by the enzymes, or be reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron.

Question 12

BIOLOGICAL — POSITIVE TECHNIQUE, EMOTION FOCUSSED

what do SSRIs block the reuptake of?

Answer 12

serotonin into the presynaptic nerve, so more serotonin will be circulating around the synapse and so more will reach the postsynaptic neuron.

• When more serotonin travels to the postsynaptic neuron, more of it will be working on the brain resulting in relaxation of the patient = increases in mood and feelings of happiness.

Question 13

BIOLOGICAL — POSITIVE TECHNIQUE, EMOTION FOCUSSED

what does SSRIs treat?

Answer 13

depression, OCD, PTSD, anxiety disorders and panic disorders.

Question 14

BIOLOGICAL — POSITIVE TECHNIQUE, EMOTION FOCUSSED

Strengths of SSRIs

Answer 14

• More ethical than previous than therapies
• Fewer side effects than MAOI and tricyclics
• Supported by the Monoamine Hypothesis
• Has construct validity

Question 15

BIOLOGICAL — POSITIVE TECHNIQUE, EMOTION FOCUSSED

Weaknesses of SSRIs

Answer 15

• Critics argue that SSRIs act as a “placebo”
• Antidepressants are being over-prescribed
• Side effects could include headaches, nausea, disturbed sleep, sexual dysfunction.

Question 16

BIOLOGICAL — POSITIVE TECHNIQUE, EMOTION FOCUSSED

Evidence for SSRIs

Answer 16

A meta-analysis (522 trials comprising 116 477 participants) published in The Lancet (2018) found that, overall, all SSRis and SNRIs were more effective than placebos in treating
adults with major depression. However, many well-known SSRIs are ineffective for as many as
30% of people who try them.

Question 17

BIOLOGICAL — POSITIVE TECHNIQUE, EMOTION FOCUSSED

Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)

what do SNRIs block the reuptake of ?

Answer 17

of serotonin from being
reabsorbed back into the presynaptic neuron and also norepinephrine, a chemical which plays a role in alertness, motivation, heart rate, and blood pressure during stressful situations.

Question 18

BIOLOGICAL — POSITIVE TECHNIQUE, EMOTION FOCUSSED

As SNRIs block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine what does this mean?

Answer 18

means more of these chemicals will
be circulating around the synaptic cleft during neurotransmission, making it more likely that these will reach the appropriate receptors on the postsynaptic neuron and relieve the symptoms associated with depression/anxiety

Question 19

BIOLOGICAL — POSITIVE TECHNIQUE, EMOTION FOCUSSED

what are SNRIs sometimes called?

Answer 19

dual reuptake inhibitors/dual-acting antidepressants (as they affect both neurotransmitters)

Question 20

what are SNRIs mostly used to treat?

Answer 20

Depression
- useful for OCD, anxiety and ADHD also

Question 21

SNRIs are typically prescribed for long or short term?

Answer 21

short-term as prolonged use shown cases of people exp manic/hypomanic episodes.

Question 22

why are SNRIs usually not recommended for people who already have high blood pressure levels?

Answer 22

as SNRIs can increase blood pressure

Question 23

Evidence for SNRIs

Answer 23

• **The Royal College of Psychiatrists (2018) **found that 50-65% of people treated with SNRIs for anxiety will see an improvement, compared to 25-30% of those taking placebos.
• Soomro (2009) found that SSRIs reduce the severity of anxiety symptoms , therefore biological
  treatments are effective.

Question 24

psychological Emotion-Focused Coping

Answer 24

A type of stress management that attempts to reduce negative emotional responses associated
with stress.

Question 25

Emotion-Focused Coping

Negative emotions such as
embarrassment, fear, anxiety, depression, excitement and frustration are reduced or removed by?

Answer 25

the individual by various
methods of coping.

Question 26

what type of therapy can be seen as emotion focussed coping?

Answer 26

Drug therapy
- it focuses on the arousal
caused by stress, not the problem.

Question 27

Other emotion focused coping techniques include?

Answer 27

• meditation
• distraction

Question 28

Evidence / Evaluation for Emotion focused coping techniques

Answer 28

Billings and Moos (1981) - gender diff- women tend to use more emotion-focused strategies than men.

Epping-Jordan et al. (1994) found that patients with cancer who used avoidance strategies, e.g., denying they were very ill, deteriorated more quickly than those who faced
up to their problems.

In general people who used emotion- focused strategies such as eating, drinking and taking drugs reported poorer health outcomes.

-These strategies may be ineffective as they ignore the root of the cause of the stress. The type of stressor and whether the impact was on physical or psychological health explained
the strategies between coping strategies and health outcomes.

Question 29

what does problem focused coping target?

Answer 29

• targets the causes of stress in practical ways which tackles the
  problem or stressful situation that is causing stress, therefore directly reducing the stress.
• The Stress is treated as a problem to be solved.

Question 30

Problem focused strategies aim to remove or reduce the causes of stress, including:

Answer 30

• Problem solving
• Time management
• Social support, discussing problems to make more sense of it
• Taking control, taking steps to deal with the stress

Question 31

Problem focused coping is more likely to occur if ?

Answer 31

if the person feels they can control the stressor, it can reduce unpleasant emotions the person may feel.

Question 32

EG of problem focussing to deal with stress is?

Answer 32

if a patient is compliant with a prescribed medical treatment or if a smoker joins a stop smoking program.

Question 33

Strengths of problem-focused coping

Answer 33

• generally better as it removes
  the stressor and addresses the fundamental cause of the
  problem, resulting in a long-term solution.
• strategies are successful in dealing with stressors such as discrimination (Pascoe & Richman, 2009), HIV infections (Moskowitz, Hult, Bussolari, & Acree, 2009) and diabeties (Duangdao & Roesch, 2008).
• no side effects

Question 34

Limitations of Problem focused coping

Answer 34

• may not always be appropriate. In some cases like when someone dies
  problem focused coping may not be helpful to the bereaved. The feeling of loss would require emotion focused coping.
• It may not be helpful for all individuals as some people are not able to take control of their
  situations. The situation may not be controllable to them. For example, optimistic people will be better at using problem focused coping whereas pessimistic people are more likely to use emotion focused coping.
• More expensive and time consuming. It is sometimes also a slower process of coping.

Question 35

Appraisal Focusing - Cognitive Behaviour Therapy - a positive technique

CBT ( Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) aim

Answer 35

to help people become
aware of when they make negative interpretations, and of behavioural patterns which reinforce the distorted thinking.

• to help deal with overwhelming problems in a more positive way by breaking them
  down into smaller parts. A patient is shown how to change these negative patterns to improve
  the way they feel.

Cognitive therapy helps people to develop alternative ways
of thinking and behaving which aims to reduce their psychological distress.

Question 36

what type of problems does CBT deal with?

Answer 36

current problms, rather than focussing on issues from the past.

Question 37

CBT

Ellis (1957) Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) what is the goal of the therapy?

Answer 37

to change irrational beliefs to more rational ones.

Question 38

Stress Inoculation Therapy (SIT)
What did Meichenbaum (1977) argue?

Answer 38

argued that just as people can be inoculated against a flu virus, they could also be inoculated against stress and become stress-resistant.

Question 39

What are the 3 phases of SIT?

Answer 39

**1. Conceptualization **- using the cognitive interview to identify and clarify the nature of the person’s stress and to educate them about the nature and effects of stress, and how stress inoculation works;

2. Skills acquisition - where the person learns a series of skills for dealing with stressful situations which might include relaxation, increased control, and social skills; and

3. Rehearsal and follow through or application - where the person puts into practice what they have learned in a safe environment e.g., through visualising stressful situations, then they go out into the real world and put their training to the test. Part of this stage is also to learn to deal with setbacks (see them as challenges providing an opportunity to learn rather than as failures).

In most cases, SIT consists of between 8-15 sessions, plus follow-up sessions after a few months.

Question 40

Evidence - SIT

Answer 40

Holcom (1986) - Psychiatric patients suffering from severe stress and anxiety disorders were divided in 3 groups : group 1-Patients received SIT only, group 2- Patients received SIT and
drugs and group 3 -Patients were give drugs only. The results show that SIT was better than drugs in reducing the symptoms of anxiety and depression. This effect was maintained, after
three years the patients in the SIT group required fewer admissions for psychiatric problems than the other treatment groups. This suggests that SIT is effective and that it has a long-term
positive effect.

Question 41

Evaulation - SIT

Answer 41

It is an expensive treatment as it is done by qualified psychologists.

It is time consuming for the client who might stop before the end of the treatment reducing its effectiveness. It also requires the client to be able and willing to be involved in a lot of self-reflection and accept potential failures.

Question 42

Strengths/ Evidence of CBT

Answer 42

Cognitive therapy has been effective for treating anxiety problems (Beck, 1993).

Model has great appeal because it focuses on human thought. Human cognitive abilities have been responsible for our many accomplishments so may also be responsible for our problems.

Question 43

Limitations of CBT

Answer 43

The cognitive model is narrow in scope - thinking is just one part of human functioning, broader issues need to be addressed.

Ethical issues: REBT is a directive therapy aimed at changing cognitions sometimes quite forcefully. For some, this may be considered an unethical approach.

Question 44

type of CBT

Ellis (1957S) Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT)

What was the goal of the therapy?

Answer 44

is to change irrational beliefs to more rational ones.

Question 45

Evidence - REBT

Answer 45

Recent studies have been done on clinical subjects and have found that rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) is often helpful (Lyons & Woods, 1991).