Treatment Flashcards
What was most physicians training based on?
Galens ideas
When were medical schools set up in universities?
During the 12th century
Describe a lecture in medieval times
Even though a few human dissections were carried out, they were to demonstrate Galena teachings while his book was read aloud by the lecturer, nobody questioned Galen
What had Galen believed about religion?
He believed in a soul and he said that parts of the body had been created to work together
Give 2 reasons why it was difficult to challenge Galens ideas
Majority of education and medical training was controlled by the church who approved of Galens ideas and most collections of books were in monasteries
Identify the 5 options of where to go for treatment in medieval times
Trained physician, apothecary, prayer or pilgrimage, housewife physician, hospital, barber surgeon
Give 5 points about a trained physicians work in medieval times
Trained at medical school and passed exam, diagnose you using urine and astrological information, administers treatment based on Galen (bloodletting or purging to balance humours) or herbal medicine, consults astrology to determine the best approach to treatment, expensive as you pay for each visit, doesn’t mix medicines you have to get them at the apothecary, might not let blood himself and may direct u to the barber surgeon, male
Give 5 points about the apothecary in medieval times
Trained but no medical qualifications, mixes various ingredients to produce medicines or ointments for the physician, may make you up their own mixture for a price, cheaper than consulting a physician and then paying the apothecary for the same medicine anyway, probably male
Give 7 points about the barber surgeon in medieval times
Practices bloodletting, can pull out teeth and lance boils, have a go at basic surgery such as cutting out bladder stones or amputating limbs, used no anaesthetics, low success rate for surgery, not trained or respected by trained physicians, can cut hair
Give 3 points about hospitals in medieval times
Used for old or specific illnesses such as leprosy and most sick people were looked after at home, run by monks and nuns: Christianity values caring for others, after the reformation in the 16th century some free hospitals were set up in towns funded by charity
Give 5 points about the housewife physician in medieval times
Knew traditional remedies like sore throats stomach aches or a temperature, able to deal with broken bones and childbirth, used some remedies based on herbs and other plants and others based on charms and spells, could be the lady of the manor who would treat her servants or families living on manor land
How was pilgrimage used as treatment in medieval times?
People went to a holy shrine in the hope they could be cured of an illness
Give 3 facts about women in medicine in medieval times
Few female physicians such as Trotula who taught at Salerno medical school in the early 12th century, women not allowed to attend universities which drove them out the medical profession by the 14th century, continued to work as midwives but needed a license from their bishop to show they were of good character and would not encourage illegal abortion
Identify 8 treatments in medieval times
Bleeding, purging, saying a prayer, holding a lucky charm while being bled to balance humours, powdered unicorn horn, saying a charm as you drank a medicine, using plants that had to be picked at full moon, treatments were based on superstition or four humours
How was a urine chart used in medieval times? 5 points
Physicians matched patients urine to colours smells and densities on the chart, may taste the urine to see if it was normal, wealthy people sent urine to a physician to see if they were falling ill, this method of diagnosis (uroscopy) fitted the four humours, very white urine was a sign of too much phlegm
What did the Arab doctor Al-Razi do in medieval times?
Described the difference between smallpox and measles. Before this, all infections with rashes had been put together as one illness
Give 3 points about timing the treatment in medieval times
Choosing the best time to carry a treatment out required knowledge of astrology as they believed parts of the body were linked to zodiac signs and planets. Zodiac man showed physicians when to avoid treating certain parts of the body. For example when the moon is in Pisces, the feet should not be treated
Give 3 facts about bleeding a patient in medieval times
Bleeding done by warming a bleeding cup and letting the warmth draw out blood from the cut, leeches sank jaws into patients and draw out blood -this method was still used in the 19th century, bleeding was carried out as a cure to restore the balance of the humours
How was purging carried out in medieval times?
Purging the stomach was another way to restore the humours. This meant swallowing a mixture of herbs and animal fat to make the person sick or taking a laxative to empty their bowels, sometimes these methods were used at the same time
What was the cure for a stye in medieval times?
Take onions and garlic, pound them together, take wine and bulls gall, stand for nine nights in a brass vessel, strain mixture in a cloth, apply to stye with a feather. They believed that onion, garlic, bulls gall and copper salts (formed when acetic acid in wine reacts with copper in the brass vessel) killed bacteria
Give 5 facts about home remedies in medieval times
Honey and plantain were common ingredients for cuts, wounds, dog bites and acted like modern antibiotics, common remedies based on herbs minerals plants and animal parts, remedies written down in books to illustrate each plant and other ingredients the exact quantities required and how to mix up the potion, included prayers to say when collecting the herbs to increase effectiveness of the remedy, some cures combined prayer magic and folklore
When did King Charles II have a stroke and how was he treated? 5 points
Bled a pint of blood, his shoulder was cut and eight more ounces of blood were extracted by cupping, given an emetic, given multiple purgatives, given enemas
Identify 8 ingredients in herbal remedies which were used to treat King Charles II
Cinnamon, beet root, licorice, sweet almonds, white wine, melon seeds, nutmeg, ammonia
What is an emetic?
An agent that makes you vomit
What is bezoar stone?
A stone that grows in the stomach of a goat found in the Middle East, thought to be an antidote to poison during the Renaissance
What was salt of quinine used for during the Renaissance?
Settling the stomach
What is an enema?
A liquid treatment commonly used to relieve severe constipation, the process pushed waste out of the rectum when you cannot do so on your own
How did people believe the kings touch could cure them of disease in medieval times and during the Renaissance?
It was believed in England and France that a touch from royalty could heal skin disease known as scrofula or ‘the kings evil’
What are 3 changes in treatments between medieval times and the Renaissance?
New herbs from the exploration of the new world, hospitals lost when Henry VIII destroyed the monasteries and were replaced by charity hospitals run by physicians, more purpose built hospitals were developed, child birth became the responsibility of men not women due to the invention of forceps (only men could use complicated tools)
Which 13 treatments were the same in medieval times and Renaissance?
Pilgrimage, prayer, fasting, exorcisms/chants/spells, astrology, bleeding, purging, kings touch, herbal remedies, apothecary, wise women, physicians for the rich, barber surgeons
What were hospitals policies in medieval times and why?
Care not cure. People thought they may be sinning if they cured people
Give 10 points about medieval hospitals
Decline in the standard of hospitals (controlled by church so often only used for the deserving poor), usually for old or specific illnesses such as leprosy, contagious diseases separated which is positive, wards were small rooms which were dark dirty and cramped, disease linked to gods displeasure so condition of hospital is not as important as condition of the patients soul, monks and nuns run hospitals (Christianity values caring for others), some larger hospitals like St Bartholenews in London were set up in 1123, no doctor appointed to st bartholemews but several priests were, beds positioned so patients could see the alter and hospitals had religious statues and stained glass windows, some larger scale hospitals could admit over 200 patients
Give 6 points about hospitals in the Renaissance
Larger hospitals with numerous wards, condition of hospitals remained poor due to lack of undertaking about germs, nurses run hospitals on a day to day basis, nursing seen as a disrespectable career, doctors visit to treat the sick, reformation (1535) leads to hospitals linked to monasteries closing so new purpose hospitals begin to develop,
Give 7 points about hospitals in the Industrial Age
Conditions in hospitals improve, First Cottage hospital opened in Sussex by 1900 there were 300 of them, 18 voluntary hospitals in London with 4000 but being treated depended on how much money you had, Great Ormond Street Hospital for sick children opens in 1852 with only 10 beds, by 1875 emphasis was on medicine as a science, influence of Florence nightingale and understanding of germ theory in cleaning up hospitals, hospitals designed to be brighter and airier
Give 7 facts about modern day hospitals
NHS set up which helps improve the standard of all hospitals, use of technology in hospitals/clean sheets/curtains around beds/handling and recording of medicine/hygenic conditions, all doctors work for NHS so rich do not get better treatment than the poor
Give 3 facts about treatment of the sick in roman times
fathers responsible for the health of the family, father could pay for a doctor if he could afford it and if not he could pay local herb experts, herb specialists
Identify 4 of Florence Nightingales demands. Why did she demand these things?
300 scrubbing brushes to get rid of dirt near patients, nurses to be organised and respected in order to treat 2000 wounded soldiers effectively, clean bedding, good meals. She said this would mean she could reduce death rates from 40% to 2%
Identify 6 things Nightingale did which had an impact on nursing
In 1859 she wrote a book Notes on Nursing which provided basis on training nurses and was translated into 11 languages, raised money to create and establish the Nightingale School for Nurses at St Thomas Hospital in London in 1860, she helped establish a training school for midwives at King’s college hospital London 1861,nursing became a respectable occupation for middle class women, nursing became a profession rather than an unskilled job so the number and skill of nurses grew rapidly
Identify 8 things Nightingale did which impacted hospitals
Improved ventilation to make sure patients in hospitals had fresh, clean air to breathe, improved clothing and washing facilities in hospitals for patients, wrote over 200 books on hospital design and organisation, in 1863 wrote Notes on Hospitals which provided basis of hospital design, improved sanitation in hospitals, during the Crimean war she organised care and supplies at Scutari military hospital and emphasised cleanliness and fresh air, hospitals built out of materials which were easy to clean, separate wards ensured infectious patients were kept separate
What happened to death rate thanks to Nightingale?
Fell from 42% to 2%
Identify a limitation of Nightingales work
She paid little attention to the Germ Theory and continued to associate disease with dirt (miasmas)
How did hospitals change by 1900? 8 points
Split up infectious patients from those requiring surgery, operating theatres and specialist departments for new medical equipment, focused on preventing germs from getting in to begin with, doctors and junior doctors were a common sight, trained nurses lived in nearby houses, everybody wanted to have the most modern hospital designs to help attract donations and student doctors, hospitals become a place where the sick were treated not a place just to rest, new ideas adopted quickly
Identify the 3 individuals involved in producing the first magic bullet
Emil von Behring, Paul Ehrlich, Dr Sahachrico Hata
What was von Behring’s role in the development of Magic Bullets?
He developed Koch’s work to isolate the antitoxins used by the body to fight diphtheria then found a way to inject them to cure the disease
What was Ehrlich’s role in the development of Magic Bullets?
He was a member of Koch’s team who set up his own research team. He knew certain dyes stained specific microbes and that antitoxins attacked the disease’s microbes so tried to combine a dye with other chemicals to find a cure for syphilis - a magic bullet would only attack the disease microbe and not the rest of the body. He researched for several years due to government funding
What was Hata’s role in the development of Magic Bullets?
In 1909 he joined the research team and reviewed some previous experiments. He discovered that the 606th compound they had tested and dismissed had actually been effective. This treatment was called Salvarsan 606
How was the second magic bullet discovered?
In 1932 Gerhard Domagk discovered that a particular red dye was effective against some cases of blood poisoning and he developed the drug Prontosil. Key ingredient was sulphonamide and other sulphonamide drugs were developed to cure pneumonia, meningitis and scarlet fever
Why was the discovery of magic bullets so important?
Many people had previously died from simple cuts and wounds so the cure for blood poisoning could save many lives. Treatments had previously been by injection but technological developments in the late 19th century meant pills could be mass produced and the pharmaceutical industry grew rapidly
Who did Domagk test Prontosil on?
His daughter after she pricked her finger and was dying from blood poisoning. He had not yet tested it on humans, only on mice
Identify 5 factors which contributed to the discovery of magic bullets
Individual genius, science & technology, government, chance, communication
Which factor was the most important in contribution to the discovery of magic bullets
Science & technology
What did Alexander Fleming (a chemist) discover in 1928?
A culture of bacteria growing in a petri dish had been attacked and killed by an unknown mould growing in the same dish. The mould was penicillin, an excellent antibiotic however he only tested it on bacteria in the lab rather than bacteria in animals
When did Fleming publish his findings and what did he do afterward?
1929 but he couldn’t get funding to develop his work so returned to his original research
What happened with the development of penicillin in 1939?
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain (two scientists working in Oxford) read about Flemings research and set up a team including a range of specialists to develop penicillin although it was difficult to produce
How did Florey and Chain test penicillin and what did this show?
in 1940 they tested it on mice, in 1941 they tested it on patients which showed that penicillin acted like a miracle drug on people dying from infection
What was an early limitation of penicillin?
There was only a small amount available and the patient died when it ran out
How was penicillin produced?
It could not be synthesised from chemicals, it had to be cultured on a broth and exposed to air in order to grow. This used a collection of containers including food tins, bedpans, baths, milk churns and six assistants had to be hired just for this stage
Why could no British firm create the technology needed to mass produce penicillin?
Many factories were damaged by bomb raids during ww2 or already working at full capacity producing other drugs needed in the war
When did Florey and Norman Heatley (another member of the team) go to the USA and why?
They went there to see if drug companies would fund their research
Why did Florey refuse to patent penicillin?
He believed it should be available for everyone.
