Prevention

Question 1

What happens when you catch a disease?

Answer 1

Your body creates special cells called antibodies to fight off the infection and if you survive you may become immune to further attacks of that disease

Question 2

Define vaccine

Answer 2

The administration of antigenetic material to stimulate an individuals immune system to develop immunity. Can prevent infection

Question 3

Define immune

Answer 3

Resistant to a particular infection

Question 4

Define inoculation

Answer 4

Taking a vaccine as a precaution against contracting a disease

Question 5

Where was inoculation developed?

Answer 5

In China then spread through Asia

Question 6

Identify 3 stages of inoculation of smallpox

Answer 6

Small amount of pus taken from a sufferers smallpox blister, pus spread into a small cut made between thumb and forefinger of the person being inoculated, mild version of smallpox develops but the person survives and is immune to further attacks

Question 7

Why did Lady Wortley Montagu have her kids inoculated?

Answer 7

This woman (the wife of the British ambassador to Turkey) witnessed this procedure in the early 18th century. She had almost died from smallpox when she was younger and was keen to protect her children so had them inoculated in 1721

Question 8

How did inoculation become popular in Britain?

Answer 8

People held smallpox parties where they were all inoculated together. Doctors were paid for this so could make a lot of money

Question 9

What were the 3 problems with inoculation?

Answer 9

Did not completely solve the problem of smallpox as not everyone could always have it done, it wasn’t always effective or safe

Question 10

When was inoculation tested on condemned prisoners?

Answer 10

1723

Question 11

What discovery did Jenner make?

Answer 11

If people had had cowpox they could not catch smallpox

Question 12

How did Jenner test his theory?

Answer 12

On the 14th May 1796 he inserted some cowpox matter from Sarah Nelmes arm into two cuts an eight year old boy called James Phipps’ arm. A week later he became chilly and lost his appetite but the next day was fine. On the 1st July 1796 Jenner inoculated James with smallpox but no disease followed, he tried again several months later but not even a mild case developed

Question 13

How did Jenner make sure his theory worked on more than one person?

Answer 13

Vaccinated 23 people in the same way including his 11 month old son

Question 14

What did Jenner do in 1798?

Answer 14

Published his ideas and gave the name vaccination to his new technique of inoculation

Question 15

How was there opposition to Jenner’s theory?

Answer 15

The Royal Society refused to publish his account so he had to pay for his report to be printed himself

Question 16

What did the British government do in 1802 then in 1807?

Answer 16

Awarded Jenner £10,000 for his work then £20,000 five years later

Question 17

Identify 6 limitations of Jenner’s work

Answer 17

The link only existed between cowpox and smallpox not any other diseases, preventative measures against disease did not change and during the cholera epidemics of 19th century local authorities ordered barrels of tar to be burned due to the idea of miasmas, no one understood how or why the vaccination worked before Pasteur and Kochs work so this technique could not be applied to other major diseases like cholera (a threat in the 19th century), many people resisted vaccination as they disliked the idea of using a disease related to animals, vaccination was sometimes incorrectly applied and failed, doctors lost money when the government provided a grant to pay for people to have free vaccinations because nobody was paying for inoculations

Question 18

Identify 8 achievements of Jenner’s work

Answer 18

The first time a disease could be safely prevented, better than inoculation, Jenner was willing to offer free vaccinations so all groups in society could benefit, inspired the work of Pasteur and Koch who used his method (weaker strains of a virus to make someone immune), by 1979 the world health organisation confirmed smallpox had been wiped out around the world, by 1801 100,000 people were vaccinated in England and by 1811 1.7 million people were vaccinated in France, Jenner printed pamphlets for other scientists which described his experiments very clearly so scientists could check his work, in 1802 the Jennerian society was set up in London to promote vaccinations and within 2 years over 12,000 were vaccinated, in 1854 vaccination was compulsory

Question 19

Which four factors affected the development of the smallpox vaccine?

Answer 19

Communication, changing attitudes, government, scientific thinking

Question 20

Why was Jenner’s work important to Pasteur’s development of vaccines?

Answer 20

Pasteur knew all about Jenner’s work and also knew that microbes caused disease so he carried out experiments to find more vaccines which would build up people’s immunity

Question 21

Which 3 vaccines did Pasteur develop?

Answer 21

Anthrax, chicken cholera, rabies

Question 22

How did Pasteur create his rabies vaccine?

Answer 22

Tested his vaccine on dogs then in 1885 on a boy named Joseph Meister who had been bitten by a rabid dog. Pasteur gave Joseph 13 injections within 2 weeks and the boy survived

Question 23

Which 4 vaccines were produced by other scientists as a consequence of Pasteur’s work?

Answer 23

1896 typhoid, 1906 tuberculosis, 1913 diphtheria, 1927 tetanus

Question 24

What 6 prevention strategies did the government introduce after 1900?

Answer 24

Compulsory vaccines and campaigns, clean air act, chemical fluoride in water supply, smoking ban, tracking travellers during cholera epidemics 2014-15 and putting quarantine measures into place, charities like the British Heart Foundation create adverts encouraging people to give up smoking and start exercising to protect their body

Question 25

Which 5 compulsory vaccines did the government introduce and when?

Answer 25

1942 Diphtheria, 1950 Poliomyelitis and whooping cough, 1961 tetanus, 1968 measles, 1970 rubella

Question 26

When was the national campaign against diphtheria launched and why?

Answer 26

1942. 3000 children died a year as a result of diphtheria so the government set up a campaign to immunise every child during WW2 and infection rates plummetted

Question 27

What was polio and how many cases were there per year?

Answer 27

A very infectious disease causing paralysis. In the 1950s there were 8000 cases a year. Last person to get Polio in Britain was in 1984

Question 28

When were the two polio vaccines developed?

Answer 28

First in USA in 1956 then a better one in 1962

Question 29

What does the HPV vaccine protect women against?

Answer 29

an STD linked to cervical cancer

Question 30

When were the 2 clean air acts and what was it triggered by?

Answer 30

1956, 1968. Particularly bag smog in London caused by air pollution when everybody burned coal to heat their homes, smog could cover a city for days

Question 31

What 2 things has the government added recently to the clean air acts?

Answer 31

Smoking ban inside all public buildings on 1st July 2007, limiting car emissions by taxing dirtier cars more

Question 32

Identify 3 modern government lifestyle campaigns

Answer 32

Advertising campaigns warn against dangers of smoking/binge drinking/unprotected sex/drug use, Stoptober encourages people to stop smoking for a month, exercise and healthy eating campaigns such as the Change4Life 5 a day campaigns