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Infectious Disease > Travel/Tropical Medicine and Arthropod-Borne Disease > Flashcards

Travel/Tropical Medicine and Arthropod-Borne Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is malaria?

A

Infectious disease caused by members of the Plasmodium family of protozoan parasites

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2
Q

What is the most severe and dangerous member of the Plasmodium family?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

Accounts for 75% malaria cases in UK

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3
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

Bites from the female Anopheles mosquitoes

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4
Q

Types of malaria

A

Plasmodium falciparum is the most severe and dangerous form

Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium ovale

Plasmodium malariae

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5
Q

Presentation of malaria

A

Lived in/travelled to an area of malaria

Incubation period is 1-4 weeks

Fever, sweats and rigors

Malaise

Myalgia

Headache

Vomiting

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6
Q

Signs in malaria

A

Pallor due to the anaemia

Hepatosplenomegaly

Jaundice as bilirubin is released during the rupture of red blood cells

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7
Q

Diagnosis of malaria

A

Malaria blood film sent in EDTA bottle

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8
Q

Why do we need to send 3 samples over 3 days to exclude malaria?

A

Due to 48hr cycle of malaria being released into blood from RBCs

Sample may be negative on days where parasite is not released

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9
Q

Oral management options in uncomplicated malaria

A

Artemether with lumefantrine (Riamet)

Proguanil and atovaquone (Malarone)

Quinine sulphate

Doxycycline

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10
Q

IV options in severe or complicated malaria

A

Artesunate (most effective treatment but is not licensed)

Quinine dihydrochloride

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11
Q

Falciparum complications

A

Cerebral malaria

Seizures

Reduced consciousness

Acute kidney injury

Pulmonary oedema

Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC)

Severe haemolytic anaemia

Multi-organ failure and death

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12
Q

Malaria prophylaxis

A

Be aware of locations that are high risk

No method is 100% effective alone

Use mosquito spray (e.g. 50% DEET spray) in mosquito exposed areas

Use mosquito nets and barriers in sleeping areas

Seek medical advice if symptoms develop

Take antimalarial medication as recommended

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13
Q

Types of antimalarials

A

Proguanil and atovaquone (Malarone)

Mefloquine

Doxycycline

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14
Q

How to take proguanil and atovaquone (Malarone)

A

Taken daily 2 days before, during and 1 week after being in endemic area

Most expensive (around £1 per tablet)

Best side effect profile

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15
Q

How to take mefloquine

Side effects?

A

Taken once weekly 2 weeks before, during and 4 weeks after being in endemic area

Can cause bad dreams and rarely psychotic disorders or seizures

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16
Q

How to take doxycycline

Side effects?

A

Taken daily 2 days before, during and 4 weeks after being in endemic area

Broad-spectrum antibiotic therefore it causes side effects like diarrhoea and thrush

Makes patients sensitive to the sun causing a rash and sunburn

Infectious Disease (9 decks)

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