Travel Related Infections Flashcards
What is vulnerability of travelers to infection impacted by?
- Temptation to take risks away from home
- food, water, animals, sex
- Different epidemiology of some diseases
- HIV, TB, polio, diphtheria
- Incomplete understanding of health hazards
- Stress of travel
- Refugees: deprivation, malnutrition, disease, injury
What are some common infections worldwide?
- influenza
- community-acquired pneumonia
- meningococcal disease
- sexually transmitted diseases
What are some climate or environmental health problems?
- Sunburn
- Heat exhaustion and heatstroke
- Fungal infections
- Bacterial skin infections
- Cold injury
- Altitude sickness
What are some public health measures to control infection?
-
Sanitation
- Travelers’ diarrhoea
- Typhoid
- Hepatitis A or E
- Giardiasis
- Amoebiasis
- Helminth infections
- Viral gastroenteritis
- Food poisoning
- Shigella dysentery
- Cholera
- Cryptosporidiosis
-
Immunization
- Poliomyelitis
- Diphtheria
-
Education
- HIV
- STD’s
What are some water related infections?
- Schistosomiasis
- Leptospirosis
- Liver flukes
- Strongyloidiasis
- Hookworms
- Guinea worms
What are some arthropod-borne infections?
- Malaria (mosquitos)
- Dengue fever (mosquitos)
- Rickettsial infections (ticks: typhus)
- Leishmaniasis (sand flies: Kala-azar)
- Trypanosomiasis (tsetse fly: sleeping sickness)
- Filariasis (mosquitoes: elephantiasis)
- Onchocerciasis (black flies: River Blindness)
What is the malaria vector?
Malaria vector is the female anopheles mosquito
Describe the malaria lifecycle?
1) Bite
2) Sporozoite released
3) Becomes merozoitres in liver
4) Infects red blood cells
What are the 5 species of malaira?
- Potentially severe
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Benign
- Plasmodium vivax
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium knowlesi
What are the clinical features of malaria?
- Symptoms
- fever
- rigors
- aching bones
- abdo pain
- headache
- dysuria
- frequency
- sore throat
- cough
- Signs
- none
- splenomegaly
- hepatomegaly
- mild jaundice
What are some potential complications of malaria?
- Cerebral malaria (encephalopathy)
- Blackwater fever
- Pulmonary oedema
- Jaundice
- Severe anaemia
- Algid malaria
How is malaria diagnosed?
- Thick and thin blood films
- Quantitative buffy coat (QBC)
- Rapid antigen tests
How is severity of malaria measured?
Severity assessment, complicated malaria has one or more of:
- Impaired consciousness or seizures
- Hypoglycaemia
- Parasite count >2%
- Haemoglobin <8mg/dL
- Spontaneous bleeding / DIC
- Haemoglobinuria
- Renal impairment or pH <7.3
- Pulmonary oedema or ARDS
- Shock (algid malaria): ?Gram negative bacteraemia
What is the 1st and 2nd line treatment of malaria?
- 1) Quinine
- 2) Artemisinins
What are the treatment options for malaria?
- Uncomplicated malaria
- Riamet (3 days)
- Eurartesim (3 days)
- Malarone (3 days)
- Quinine (7 days) plus oral doxycycline
- Complicated or severe P. Falciparum malaria
- IV artesunate (unlicensed in UK)
- IV quinine plus oral doxycycline
- Treatment of P. Vivax, P. Ovale, P. Malariae, P. Knowlesi
- Chloroquine 3 days
- Riamet 3 days
- Add primaquine 14 days in vivax and ovale to eradicate liver hyponozoites
What are some methods of controlling malaria?
- Mosquito breeding sites
- Drainage of standing water
- Larvacides
- (Paris green), temphos, biological
- Mosquito killing sprays
- DDT, malathion, (dieldrin)
- Human behaviour
- Bed nets
- Mesh windows
Typhoid fever is also known as what?
Enteric fever
Typhoid is caused by what organisms?
- Salmonella typhi
- Salmonella paratyphi