Meningitits - Learning Package Flashcards
What is meningism?
Meningism = symptom complex characterised by headache, photophobia and vomiting with muscle spasms leading to neck rigidity
- Caused by meningitis or sub-arachnoid haemorrhage or infection
What is meningitis?
Meningitis, due to infection or meninges, leads to inflammation and signs of meningeal irritation
Describe the pathophysiology of meningitis due to anatomy?
Anatomy:
- Under surface of brain rests within cranial fossae, which abuts on structures from which infection may spread
- Such as from frontal and ethmoid sinuses to produce abscess/empyema in frontal lobe
- Middle ear extend to temporal lobe
- Fractures of skull or neurosurgery may be complicated by opportunistic bacterial meningitis
Blood brain barrier has implications for transport of antibiotics from blood to brain
Describe the pathogenesis of meningitis?
- Inflammation of meninges
- 1 Attachment to mucosal epithelial cells
- 2 Transgression of the mucosal barrier
- 3 Survival in blood stream
- 4 Entry into CSF
- 5 Production of overt infection in the meninges with or without brain infection (encephalitis)
How is meningitis classified?
Classified by cause as bacterial, viral or fungal:
- Bacterial
- Neisseria meningitides (meningococcus)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
- In neonates
- E-coli
- Group B streptococci
- Viral
- Enteroviruses
- Echoviruses
- Parechoviruses
- Coxsackie A and B
- Poliovirus
- Mumps
- Herpes simplex virus
- Enteroviruses
What are some common organisms for bacterial meningitis?
- Neisseria meningitides (meningococcus)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
- In neonates
- E-coli
- Group B streptococci
What are some common organisms for viral meningitis?
- Enteroviruses
- Echoviruses
- Parechoviruses
- Coxsackie A and B
- Poliovirus
- Mumps
- Herpes simplex virus
What are some non-infective causes of meningitis?
- Tumour cells in CSF can produce an aseptic meningitis
- Reactions to certain drugs or chemicals
- By some diseases of unknown aetiology such as sarcoidosis or SLE
- Subarachnoid haemorrhage
- Migraine
What are some common conditions that present with meningism?
- Influenza
- Tonsillitis
- Pneumonia
- Sinusitis
- UTI
- Any severe bacteraemic illness
- Non-infective causes
- Subarachnoid haemorrhage
- Migraine
What are the different forms of meningitis presentation?
- Acute
- Symptoms and signs for less than 24 hours, quickly progresses
- Commonest cause meningococcal infection
- Subacute
- Signs and symptoms for 1-7 days
- Number of aetiologies possible, almost all viral and 75% bacterial meningitides present subacutely
Describe the general presentation of meningitis?
- “Meningeal symptoms”
- Vomiting
- Headache
- Stiff neck
- Lethargy
- Clouding of consciousness
- Photophobia
- Signs
- Neurological signs usually absent although cranial nerve palsies (VI, VII or VIII usually) may occur
- Pyrexia
- Reduced consciousness
- Skin and conjunctival petechiae
- Rashes
- Hypotension due to septic shock
- Kernig’s sign
What are “meningeal symptoms”?
- Meningeal symptoms”
- Vomiting
- Headache
- Stiff neck
- Lethargy
- Clouding of consciousness
- Photophobia
What are some risk factors for meningitis?
- Risk factors include recent skull trauma, alcoholism and diabetes mellitus
What investigations should be done for meningitis?
- Blood culture
- FBC
- U&E
- LFT
- Lumbar puncture
- Definitive diagnosis by allowing examination of CSF
- CSF microbiology
- Gram stain
- Differential cell count
- Antigen detection test
- Bacterial culture
- Mycobacterial or fungul culture
- PCR for viruses
- PCR for bacteria
- CSF biochemistry
- Glucose
- Protein
- CT scan
- If focal neurological signs or papilloedema to exclude space occupying lesion
CSF findings, appearance for:
- Normal
- Bacterial meningitis
- Viral meningitis
- TB meningitis
CSF findings, cells for:
- Normal
- Bacterial meningitis
- Viral meningitis
- TB meningitis
CSF findings, predominant cell type for:
- Normal
- Bacterial meningitis
- Viral meningitis
- TB meningitis
CSF findings, glucose for:
- Normal
- Bacterial meningitis
- Viral meningitis
- TB meningitis
CSF findings, protein for:
- Normal
- Bacterial meningitis
- Viral meningitis
- TB meningitis
Describe the aetiology of bacterial meningitis?
- Usually streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitides or haemophilus influenza
What are the principles of bacterial meningitis treatment?
- Early recognition
- Rapid detection of pathogen
- Rapid initiation of appropriate bactericidal antimicrobial therapy
- Early recognition and treatment of sequelae of septicaemia
- Eg DIC with shock, hypoxia, acidosis and adrenal insufficiency
- Antibiotic prophylaxis of close contacts