Travel related infection Flashcards
What type of infection is typhoid?
Salmonella infection
What is the incubation period of typhoid? i.e. how long does it take for a person to develop symptoms
1 week - 4 weeks
Symptoms of typhoid
Fever Headache Abdominal discomfort Constipation Dry cough Confusion
What lab tests are carried out in order to diagnose typhoid?
Culture blood, urine & stool
Treatment of typhoid fever
Oral Azithromycin
IV ceftriaxone if complicated
How is Dengue fever transmitted?
Mosquito
Common symptoms of dengue fever
Sudden fever
Severe headache, retro-orbital pain
Severe myalgia and arthralgia
Macular/ maculopapular rash
Haemorrhagic signs: petechiae, purpura, positive tourniquet test
How is Dengue fever diagnosed in the lab?
PCR
Serology
Complications of Dengue
Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) or Dengue shock syndrome (DSS)
Manage with IV fluids, fresh frozen plasma, platelets
What are the intermediate hosts involved in the Schistosomiasis life cycle?
Freshwater snails
Species of Schistosomiasis
S. haematobium
S. mansoni
S. japonicum
Describe the life cycle of schistosomiasis
Eggs are shed from humans in their urine or stool released into water.
The eggs hatch in the water releasing miracidia which penetrate snail tissue (first host)
Cercariae released by snail into water. They swim and penetrate human skin.
Cercariae lose tails during penetration and become schistosomulae. They get into the circulation and migrate to the portal blood in the liver where they mature into adults.
Paired adult worms migrate to: mesenteric venules in the bowel/rectum or venous plexus of bladder
Symptoms of Schistosomiasis and time frame
Swimmers itch 1st few hours
Invasive stage (24 hours) - cough, abdo discomfort, splenomegaly
Katayama fever (2-3 weeks) - fever, hives, lymphadenopathy, diarrhoea
Acute disease - 6-8 weeks - eggs deposited in the bowel (dysentery/intestinal inflammation) or bladder (haematuria)
Chronic disease
Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis (3)
Antibody tests
Ova in stools and urine
Rectal biopsy/snip
Treatment of schistosomiasis
PRAZIQUANTEL
Prednisolone if severe
What is Rickettsiosis also known as?
Tick typhus
Clinical signs of tick typhus
Tick-bite eschar (lesion)
Maculopapular rash
Clinical features of tick typhus (6)
Abrupt onset swinging fever Headache Confusion Endovasculitis Rash (macular, petechial) Bleeding
Treatment for tick typhus
Tetracycline
What are the 4 viruses that cause Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) - bleeding, fever, shock and sometimes death?
Ebola
Congo-Crimea haemorrhagic fever
Lassa fever
Marburg disease
Zika virus
Part of the Flaviviridae family
Transmitted by daytime-biting Aedes mosquitos. Also by sexual contact, blood transfusion and vertical transmission
Can be asymptomatic or show mild symptoms - headache, rash, fever, malaise, conjunctivitis, joint pains
No antiviral therapy
What can zika virus cause in pregnancy?
Microcephaly and other neurological problems in the newborn
Examination signs and their likely diagnosis
Rash - typhoid, typhus or dengue
Jaundice - hepatitis, malaria, yellow fever
LN involvement - leishmania (sandfly)
Liver - malaria, typhoid, amoebic abscess
Spleen - typhoid, malaria
How is yellow fever transmitted?
Aedes Mosquitoes
Which infections does the Aedes mosquito transmit?
Zika
Yellow fever
Dengue
Chikungunya
