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3RD YEAR SYSTEMS: Infection > Immunisation and prophylaxis > Flashcards

Immunisation and prophylaxis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the immune system?

A

Innate

Adapative

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2
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

The body’s own immune system – involves white cells e.g neutrophils + lymphocytes

Nonspecific, meaning anything that is identified as foreign or non-self is a target for the innate immune response.

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3
Q

Adaptive immunity can be further divided into what?

A

Natural and artificial adaptive immunity

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4
Q

Natural immunity

A

Passive - maternal

Active - infection

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5
Q

Artificial immunity

A

Passive - antibody transfer + breast milk give immunity to baby against respiratory or enteric infections straight away

Active - immunisation

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6
Q

Antibody primary response to infection

A

IgM produced first then IgG. Total antibody goes up then comes back down

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7
Q

Antibody secondary response to infection

A

Production of antibodies occurs much quicker and at a higher level due to immunological memory

This hopefully prevents the individual becoming infected with that pathogen again

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8
Q

How does a killed vaccine work to produce an immune response?

A

Killed vaccine causes a production of antibody – after a period of weeks or months will gradually come down again. This is when you need a 2nd – due to immunological memory that does will result in a quicker and higher response. A 3rd dose is needed to make a decent level of humoral immunological memory

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9
Q

How does a live vaccine work to produce an immune response?

A

As the live vaccine begins to replicate and produce more antibodies this becomes like a cascade – quicker and more sustained response to the vaccination

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10
Q

Types of vaccines you can get (4)

A

live attenuated

inactivated (killed)

detoxified exotoxin

subunit of micro-
organism: purified microbial products or recombinant

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11
Q

Give some examples of common live attenuated vaccines (8)

A

MMR

BCG

Varicella-zoster virus - chicken pox

Yellow fever

Smallpox

Typhoid, polio, rotavirus (oral vaccines)

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12
Q

Give some examples of common killed vaccines (7)

A

Polio (in combined vaccine D/T/P/Hib)

Hep A

Cholera (oral)

Rabies

Japanese encephalitis

Tick-borne encephalitis

Influenza

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13
Q

Give 2 examples of vaccines that contain detoxified exotoxins produced by the micro-organism

A

Tetanus

Diphtheria

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14
Q

Give examples of vaccines that contain only a subunit of the micro-organism

A

Pertussis

Haemophilus influenzae type b

Meningococcus - group C

Pneumococcus

Typhoid

Hep B

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15
Q

What is the main vaccine started from the age of 2 months to prevent illness in young children?

A

6 in 1 vaccine

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16
Q

What is the BCG vaccine for?

A

Immunisation against TB

Children screened at school for TB risk factors, tested and vaccinated if appropriate

17
Q

Who is the BCG vaccine given to in the UK?

A

BCG vaccine is only offered to some children either those in areas of the UK with a high incidence of TB or those with parents/grandparents born in a high risk TB country

Also new immigrants

Contacts of resp TB patients

Healthcare workers

18
Q

Influenza vaccine

A

There is a new influenza vaccine each year with different strains

Indicated for elderly, nursing home residents, immunodeficient, immunosuppressed, asplenia, chronic liver, renal, cardiac and lung disease, DM and pregnant women

19
Q

Name 3 conditions that the pneumococcus bacteria causes?

A

Pneumonia

Septicaemia

Meningitis

20
Q

Who should get the hep B vaccine?

A

All new born children from 2018 (6-in-1)

Also given to:-
Children at high risk of exposure to HBV
Health care workers, PWID, MSM, prisoners, ch. liver disease, ch. kidney disease,
Given at 0, 1 month,2 months and 1 year

21
Q

Who is the Varicella-zoster vaccine recommended to?

A

Patients who have a suppressed immune system e.g having cancer treatment or organ transplant

Children if in contact with those at risk of severe vzv

Health case workers if they’ve never had it before

22
Q

What is human normal immunoglobulin?

A

A method of passive immunisation i.e injecting preparations made from the plasma of immune individuals with adequate levels of antibody to the disease for which protection is sought.

HNI is prepared from pools of at least 1000 donations of human plasma; it contains immunoglobulin G (IgG) and antibodies to hepatitis A, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and other viruses that are currently prevalent in the general population.

It is used in patients with immunoglobulin deficiencies

23
Q

What are the 2 types of human immunoglobulin preparation available?

A

Human normal immunoglobulin

Disease-specific immunoglobulins.

24
Q

What is an immunoglobulin?

A

Antibodies of human origin are usually termed immunoglobulins.

25
Q

What is disease specific immunoglobulin?

A

Specific immunoglobulins are prepared by pooling the plasma of selected human donors with high levels of the specific antibody required.

These are used following exposure ie when the patient has the infection.

So for example…

Rabies Ig is administered after an unimmunised individual has been bitten by an animal in or from a country where the risk of rabies is high

or hep B Ig should be given to laboratory and other personnel who have been accidentally inoculated with hepatitis B virus, and in infants born to mothers who have become infected with this virus in pregnancy

26
Q

What should you find out about a patient who needs vaccinations for travelling?

A

Health of Traveller – are they immunocompromised etc?

Previous immunisation and prophylaxis

Area to be visited and duration of visit

Accommodation - hotels or hostels/camping/rough sleeping etc

Activities

Remote areas or cities

Recent outbreaks where they are going

27
Q

General measures that a patient who is going travelling should be given advice on (7)

A 
Care with food/water
Hand washing 
Sunburn / Sunstroke
Altitude 
Road traffic accidents
Safer sex 
Mosquitoes - bed nets, sprays, “cover up”
28
Q

Common immunisations for travellers (6)

A 
Tetanus
Polio
Typhoid 
Hepatitis A
Yellow fever
Cholera
29
Q

Most common prophylaxis medication

A

Anti-malaria tablets

chemoprophylaxis

30
Q

ABCD of malaria prevention

A

Awareness of risk

Bite prevention - cover up at dawn and dusk, DEET spray, Permethrin-impregnated mosquito nets

Chemoprophylaxis - malarone = most popular then doxycycline, mefloquine

Diagnosis and treatment - know the signs of malaria, if they become ill - seek medical help

31
Q

What are the components of the “6 in 1” childhood vaccination?

A

diphtheria, tetanus, Bordetalla pertussis, polio, Haemophilus influenzae, hepatitis B

32
Q

There is no vaccine for which hepatitis infection?

A

Hep C

3RD YEAR SYSTEMS: Infection (14 decks)

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