Travel Related Infection Flashcards
Name some common water-related infections
- Schistosomiasis
- Leptospirosis
- Liver flukes
- Strongyloidiasis
- Hookworms
- Guinea worms
Name some common arthropod-borne infections
- Malaria
- Dengue fever
- Rickettsial infections (ticks: typhus)
- Leishmaniasis (sand flies: Kala-azar)
- Trypanosomiasis (tsetse fly: sleeping sickness)
- Filariasis (mosquitoes: elephantiasis)
- Onchocerciasis (black flies: river blindness)
Name some emerging infectious diseases
- Zika
- Ebola
- MERS-CoV
- Swine flu
- Avian flu
- SARS
- West Nile Virus
Name the five species of malaria
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium vivax
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium knowlesi
What are the clinical features of malaria?
- Fever
- Rigors
- Aching bones
- Abdo pain
- Headaches
- Dysuria
- Frequency
- Sore throat
- Cough
- Splenomegaly
- Hepatomegaly
- Mild jaundice
What are the complications of malaria?
- Cerebral malaria (encephalopathy)
- Blackwater malaria
- Pulmonary oedema
- Jaundice
- Severe anaemia
- Algid malaria
How is malaria diagnosed?
- Thick and thin blood films
- Quantitative buffy coat
- Rapid antigen tests
How can the severity of malaria be assessed?
1 or more of:
- Impaired consciousness or seizures
- Hypoglycaemia
- Parasite count >2%
- Haemoglobin <80
- Spontaneous bleeding/DIC
- Haemoglobinuria
- Renal impairment or pH <7.3
- Pumonary oedema or ARDS
- Shock
How can uncomplicated P falciparum malaria be treated?
- Riamet
- Eurartesim
- Malarone
- Quinine + oral doxycycline
How can complicated/severe P. falciparum malaria be treated?
- IV artesunate
- IV quinine
- Oral doxycycline
How can P vivax, ovale, malariae and knowlesi be treated?
- Chloroquine
- Riamet
- Primaquine in vivax and ovale
Which organisms cause typhoid fever?
- Salmonella typhi
- Salmonella paratyphi
What are the clinical features of typhoid fever?
- 1st week: fever, headache, abdo, discomfort, constipation, dry cough, bradycardia, neutrophilia and confusion
- 2nd week: fever peaks, rose spots, diarrhoea, tachycardia and neutropenia
- 3rd week: intestinal bleeding, perforation, peritonism and metastatic infections
- Week 4: recovery
How can typhoid fever be diagnosed?
- Culture of blood, urine and stool
- Bone marrow culture
How can typhoid fever be treated?
- Oral Azithromycin
- IV ceftriaxone if complicated
How does dengue fever present?
- Sudden fever
- Severe headache
- Retro-orbital pain
- Severe myalgia and arthralgia
- Macular/maculopapular rash
- Haemorrhagic signs: petechiae, purpura and positive tourniquet test
How can dengue fever be diagnosed?
- Thrombocytopenia
- Leucopenia
- Elevated transaminases
- Positive tourniquet test
- PCR
- Serology
What are the complications of dengue fever?
- Dengue haemorrhagic fever
- Dengue shock syndrome
How can the complications of dengue fever be managed?
- IV fluids
- Fresh frozen plasma
- Platelets
Which organisms cause schistosomiasis?
- S. haematobium
- S mansoni
- S japonicum
What are the clinical features of schistosomiasis?
- Swimmers itch
- Cough
- Abdo discomfort
- Splenomegaly
- Eosinophilia
- Fever
- Urticaria
- Lymphadenopathy
- Diarrhoea
- Dysentery or haematuria as the eggs are deposited in the bladder or bowel
How can schistosomiasis be diagnosed?
- Clinical
- Antibody tests
- Ova in stools and urine
- Rectal snip
How is schistosomiasis treated?
Praziquantel (+ prednisolone if severe)
Which organisms cause tick typhus?
- R conorii
- R africae
