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Infection > Travel Related Infection > Flashcards

Travel Related Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Name some common water-related infections

A
  • Schistosomiasis
  • Leptospirosis
  • Liver flukes
  • Strongyloidiasis
  • Hookworms
  • Guinea worms
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2
Q

Name some common arthropod-borne infections

A
  • Malaria
  • Dengue fever
  • Rickettsial infections (ticks: typhus)
  • Leishmaniasis (sand flies: Kala-azar)
  • Trypanosomiasis (tsetse fly: sleeping sickness)
  • Filariasis (mosquitoes: elephantiasis)
  • Onchocerciasis (black flies: river blindness)
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3
Q

Name some emerging infectious diseases

A
  • Zika
  • Ebola
  • MERS-CoV
  • Swine flu
  • Avian flu
  • SARS
  • West Nile Virus
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4
Q

Name the five species of malaria

A
  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Plasmodium vivax
  • Plasmodium ovale
  • Plasmodium malariae
  • Plasmodium knowlesi
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5
Q

What are the clinical features of malaria?

A
  • Fever
  • Rigors
  • Aching bones
  • Abdo pain
  • Headaches
  • Dysuria
  • Frequency
  • Sore throat
  • Cough
  • Splenomegaly
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Mild jaundice
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6
Q

What are the complications of malaria?

A
  • Cerebral malaria (encephalopathy)
  • Blackwater malaria
  • Pulmonary oedema
  • Jaundice
  • Severe anaemia
  • Algid malaria
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7
Q

How is malaria diagnosed?

A
  • Thick and thin blood films
  • Quantitative buffy coat
  • Rapid antigen tests
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8
Q

How can the severity of malaria be assessed?

A

1 or more of:

  • Impaired consciousness or seizures
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Parasite count >2%
  • Haemoglobin <80
  • Spontaneous bleeding/DIC
  • Haemoglobinuria
  • Renal impairment or pH <7.3
  • Pumonary oedema or ARDS
  • Shock
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9
Q

How can uncomplicated P falciparum malaria be treated?

A
  • Riamet
  • Eurartesim
  • Malarone
  • Quinine + oral doxycycline
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10
Q

How can complicated/severe P. falciparum malaria be treated?

A
  • IV artesunate
  • IV quinine
  • Oral doxycycline
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11
Q

How can P vivax, ovale, malariae and knowlesi be treated?

A
  • Chloroquine
  • Riamet
  • Primaquine in vivax and ovale
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12
Q

Which organisms cause typhoid fever?

A
  • Salmonella typhi

- Salmonella paratyphi

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13
Q

What are the clinical features of typhoid fever?

A
  • 1st week: fever, headache, abdo, discomfort, constipation, dry cough, bradycardia, neutrophilia and confusion
  • 2nd week: fever peaks, rose spots, diarrhoea, tachycardia and neutropenia
  • 3rd week: intestinal bleeding, perforation, peritonism and metastatic infections
  • Week 4: recovery
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14
Q

How can typhoid fever be diagnosed?

A
  • Culture of blood, urine and stool

- Bone marrow culture

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15
Q

How can typhoid fever be treated?

A
  • Oral Azithromycin

- IV ceftriaxone if complicated

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16
Q

How does dengue fever present?

A
  • Sudden fever
  • Severe headache
  • Retro-orbital pain
  • Severe myalgia and arthralgia
  • Macular/maculopapular rash
  • Haemorrhagic signs: petechiae, purpura and positive tourniquet test
17
Q

How can dengue fever be diagnosed?

A
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Leucopenia
  • Elevated transaminases
  • Positive tourniquet test
  • PCR
  • Serology
18
Q

What are the complications of dengue fever?

A
  • Dengue haemorrhagic fever

- Dengue shock syndrome

19
Q

How can the complications of dengue fever be managed?

A
  • IV fluids
  • Fresh frozen plasma
  • Platelets
20
Q

Which organisms cause schistosomiasis?

A
  • S. haematobium
  • S mansoni
  • S japonicum
21
Q

What are the clinical features of schistosomiasis?

A
  • Swimmers itch
  • Cough
  • Abdo discomfort
  • Splenomegaly
  • Eosinophilia
  • Fever
  • Urticaria
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Diarrhoea
  • Dysentery or haematuria as the eggs are deposited in the bladder or bowel
22
Q

How can schistosomiasis be diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical
  • Antibody tests
  • Ova in stools and urine
  • Rectal snip
23
Q

How is schistosomiasis treated?

A

Praziquantel (+ prednisolone if severe)

24
Q

Which organisms cause tick typhus?

A
  • R conorii

- R africae

25
Q

What are the clinical features of rickettsiosis?

A
  • Abrupt onset swinging fever
  • Headache
  • Confusion
  • Endovasculitis
  • Rash
  • Bleeding
26
Q

How is tick typhus diagnosed and how is it manage?

A
  • Clinical features and serology

- Tetracycline

27
Q

Name some of the serious viral haemorrhagic fevers

A
  • Ebola
  • Congo-crimea haemorrhagic fever
  • Lassa fevere
  • Marburg
28
Q

How can the viral haemorrhagic fevers be managed?

A
  • Rule out common severe infections
  • Isolation in high security infection unit
  • Supportive treatment
29
Q

How can Zika virus be transmitted?

A
  • Mosquitoes
  • Sexual contact
  • Blood transfusion
30
Q

How does Zika virus present?

A
  • Mild symptoms: headache, rash, fever, malaise, conjunctivitis, joint pains etc.
  • Can cause Guillain-Barre syndrome
31
Q

Which investigations are done in someone returning from abroad with a fever?

A
  • FBC
  • Malaria films
  • LFTs
  • Stool microscopy and culture
  • Urinalysis and culture
  • Blood cultures
  • CXR
  • Specific tests
32
Q

How can an unknown fever in a traveller returning from abroad be managed?

A
  • Isolation and ?PPE
  • Supportive measures
  • Empirical treatment if unwell: antimicrobial therapy
  • Specific treatment: once diagnosis is established

Infection (15 decks)

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