Traumatic Brain Injury Flashcards
Structural or physiological disruption of the brain resulting from a head injury
TBI
trauma to the head that may or may not be associated with soft tissue injury, skull fracture, and TBI
head injury
(most common): head injury with intact dura mater
closed head injury
head injury with a breach in the dura mater exposing the cranial contents to the environment, associated with skull fracture
open head injury
injury caused by blunt force trauma to the head
blunt head injury
injury caused by penetrative trauma to the head
penetrating head injury
most common causes of TBI
- falls
- motor vehicle accidents
- contact sports
injury caused by the high pressure wave generated from an explosion; common in active military or war zones
blast injury
with respect to age, () have the highest risk for TBI
ppl < 19 yo
ppl > 65 yo
defines the severity of a TBI within 48 hours of injury.
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
GCS ratings:
- Severe TBI = ()
- Moderate TBI = ()
- Mild TBI = ()
- 3-8
- 9-12
- 13-15
3 main sections in GCS
- eye opening
- motor response
- verbal response
The severity of deficit in cognitive functioning can be defined by the ()
Ranchos Los Amigos Scale
pathophysiology of TBI
Brain injury that occurs at the time of the trauma as an immediate consequence of head injury
primary brain injury
primary brain injury characterized by widespread damage across large aread (e.g. widespread axonal injury due to accel-decel injury)
diffuse primary brain injury
primary brain injury where damage is relatively localized over small regions
focal primarry brain injury
indirect brain injury resulting from physiological changes following acute CNS insults and/or their treatment
secondary brain injury
examples of secodnary brain injury
- disrupted BBB
- hypoxic-ischemic encephalophathy
- a person’s experience of emotional distress resulting from
- an event that overwhelms the capacity to emotionally digest it.
Emotional / Psychological trauma
PTSD is a mental disorder, but the associated stress can
cause
physical damage
TBI is a () caused by trauma to the brain. It can cause a wide range of impairments and changes in physical abilities, thinking and learning, vision, hearing, smell, taste, social skills, behaviors, and communication.
neurological disorder
compared to TBI, diseases like AD, PD, ALS, FTD can be considered as ()
secondary ND
research models for TBI
a rapid fluid pulse injection is used to cause injury directly onto the surface of the dura
fluid percussion injury model
research models for TBI
Uses an electromagnetic device to permeate the brain at a known distance and velocity.
controlled cortical impact model
research models for TBI
Releases a free weight directly onto the brain.
weight-drop model
research models for TBI
injury caused by primary injury of blast.
blast injury model
