Alzheimer's Disease

Question 1

AD is the most common cause of () in the elderly

Answer 1

dementia

Question 2

early onset AD = (1)
late onset AD (2)

Answer 2

1. familiar AD
2. sporadic AD (most common)

Question 3

genes associated with familiar AD

Answer 3

1. APP (amyloid precursor protein)
2. PSEN1 (Presenilin 1) -> majority of cases
3. PSEN2 -> rarest

Question 4

2 hallmarks of AD

Answer 4

1. neuritic plaques (from Abeta) -> extracellular
2. neurofibrillary tangles (Tau, MAPT) -> intracellular

Question 5

most pathogenic form of Abeta

Answer 5

AB42

Question 6

accumulation of () starts long before cognitive impairment shows -> implies that this accumulation is not enough to induce CI

Answer 6

Abeta

Question 7

Abeta is generated via the () enzymes

Answer 7

beta-secretase and gamma-secretase

Question 8

In AD, tau becomes abnormally (), resulting in misfolding and aggregation into NFTs

Answer 8

hyperphosphorylated

Question 9

main idea behind the amyloid cascade hypothesis

Answer 9

production and accumulation of toxic AB42 first, and this eventually leads to neuroinflammation and hyperphosphorylation of tau -> AD progression