Trauma disorders

Question 1

How are memories formed?

Answer 1

Perception and Experience

Question 2

How are memories retained?

Answer 2

Reinforcement – repetition and reward (so kulang mag 1 read lang)

Question 3

How are memories recalled?

Answer 3

Context

Question 4

Three types of memory according to retention duration

Answer 4

Immediate, working, and long-term memory

Question 5

Type of memory according to retention duration that is just usually a snapshot or point in the environment. In milliseconds.

Answer 5

Immediate Memory

Question 6

Type of memory according to retention duration where you remember an event and this include facts, observation, and information useful for a particular task. In minutes.

Answer 6

Working memory (Ang gina muno ni Doc Licup nga dapat ang mga basics mangin part don kadaya hay gamiton ta on a daily basis.)

Question 7

Where does working memory get consolidated?

Answer 7

Hippocampus

Question 8

The more emotionally uninvolved you are on a certain experience, the more you will recall it.

Answer 8

False (Must be more emotionally involved)

Question 9

Type of memory according to retention duration that is the consolidation of working memory. Hours to many years.

Answer 9

Long-Term Memory

Question 10

Which structures do storage of long-term memory depend on?

Answer 10

Prefrontal Cortex and Inferior Temporal Cortex

Question 11

Two types of memory according to function

Answer 11

Declarative and Procedural

Question 12

Type of memory according to function which is memory in words and is a conscious recall.

Answer 12

Declarative

Question 13

Type of memory according to function which is memory in pictures, might be unconscious, preconscious, subconscious and is involved in skills and habits.

Answer 13

Procedural

Question 14

Why is there infantile amnesia?

Answer 14

There is a lack of words to describe experiences during ≤2 y.o.

Question 15

It is the link between emotion, stress, and memory.

Answer 15

Memory Modulation

Question 16

It happens during recall and is the chance to change the memory everytime it is recalled.

Answer 16

Reconsolidation

Question 17

Emotion or feeling is evoked to stimulate recall of memories long ‘forgotten’ by an individual.

Answer 17

Unconscious Recall

Question 18

Primary neurotransmitter that helps store memories in a way that they are easy to remember.

Answer 18

Glutamate/Glutamic Acid

Question 19

Neurotransmitter present during hyperarousal.

Answer 19

Glutamate/Glutamic Acid

Question 20

Block the action of glutamate thus calms and makes an individual sleep

Answer 20

GABA

Question 21

GABA receptor that works in tandem with glutamate receptors to balance the excitation of the brain in response to external events such as stress.

Answer 21

Synaptic GABA receptor

Question 22

GABA receptor that is internally modulated and ignore glutamate. Involved in memory in dream states.

Answer 22

Extra-Synaptic GABA receptor

Question 23

GABA receptor that changes the brain’s state to make us aroused, sleepy, alert, sedated, inebriated or even psychotic

Answer 23

Extra-Synaptic GABA receptor

Question 24

GABA receptor that helps encode memories of fear-inducing event and stores them away from consciousness.

Answer 24

Extra-Synaptic GABA receptor

Question 25

If a traumatic event occurs when extra-synaptic GABA receptors are activated, the memory of this event can be accessed unless these receptors are activated once again.

Answer 25

False (memory of event can’t be accessed)

Question 26

Critical for retrieval of intermediate-term contextual and spatial memories but not necessary for retrieval of consolidation of memories in general.

Answer 26

Adrenergic signaling (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine)

Question 27

Role of Norepinephrine in retrieval of memory requires signaling through which receptor in the hippocampus?

Answer 27

β1-adrenergic receptor

Question 28

Disorder based on narrower trauma criteria that focus on acute life threatening situation, serious injury, or sexual violence by way of direct or indirect confrontation.

Answer 28

PTSD

Question 29

It refers to a great misfortune causing great amount of material damage and human suffering and overwhelms the coping mechanism.

Answer 29

Disaster

Question 30

Which is more traumatizing, natural vs. human caused?

Answer 30

Human caused

Question 31

Which is more traumatizing, visible impact vs. low point (no physical evidence)?

Answer 31

Low point

Question 32

Duration before post traumatic stress response is considered a disorder?

Answer 32

~ 8 weeks

Question 33

Prevalence of PTSD on general population?

Answer 33

5 – 10%

Question 34

It is a fight or flight or freeze response.

Answer 34

Trauma

Question 35

Duration of acute stress syndrome.

Answer 35

3 days to 1 month

Question 36

T or F: Younger age group is less prone to PTSD.

Answer 36

False (more prone)

Question 37

In which level of the brain do differences in person’s responses to trauma could be seen?

Answer 37

Limbic System

Question 38

T or F: Main problem in trauma is separating feelings from event or thought because it is difficult to deal with.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Trauma and stressor related disorder where child is more withdrawn, isolated, and regressed. He/she is internalizing.

Answer 39

Reactive Attachment Disorder

Question 40

Trauma and stressor related disorder where child is more aggressive and violent and is prone to risk taking behaviors which is a result of social or parental neglect.

Answer 40

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

Question 41

These are thought processes referable to the cortex which includes flashbacks, nightmares, and recurrent dreams and are involved in the repetition of an event.

Answer 41

Intrusion Symptoms

Question 42

These are symptoms referable to the limbic system and is the avoidance of stimuli triggering flashback

Answer 42

Avoidance Symptoms

Question 43

In DSM 5, what are the other responses to trauma aside from anxiety

Answer 43

Anhedonia, dysphoria, externalizing angry and aggressive behaviors, and dissociative symptoms

Question 44

What are the only symptoms in response to trauma that can be treated with SSRI?

Answer 44

Anxiety, anhedonia, fight or flight response

Question 45

T or F: Acute stress disorder requires acute treatment during the late course after traumatic event.

Answer 45

False (early course)

Question 46

Symptoms persist ≥1 month.

Answer 46

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Question 47

Symptoms persist 3 days to 1 month.

Answer 47

Acute Stress Disorder

Question 48

Disorder where patient exhibits all symptoms of trauma but there is no actual threat.

Answer 48

Adjustment Disorder

Question 49

T or F: Early intervention after extreme and widespread disaster is not recommended.

Answer 49

False (recommended)

Question 50

T or F: Treat patients after disaster even if they seem okay or has no symptoms.

Answer 50

True

Question 51

T or F: Family context is central to understanding and meeting patient’s needs.

Answer 51

True

Question 52

T or F: There is no close connection between psychological aspects of human experience and his social experiences.

Answer 52

False (there is close connection)

Question 53

This refers to the non biological local and outside support and aims to protect or promote psychosocial well-being. Its goals are preventive.

Answer 53

Psychosocial Intervention

Question 54

T or F: Psychosocial intervention has to be done by specialists only.

Answer 54

False (even students can do it)

Question 55

Five empirically supported intervention principles at early to midterm stages promote

Answer 55

Sense of safety, calming, sense of self and community efficacy, connectedness, hope

Question 56

Most acute stress problems during acute emergencies are best managed with medication.

Answer 56

False (do not immediately give benzodiazepines, numbing the patient dissociates his affect to the event and disrupts normal reactions further increasing PTSD)

Question 57

Principles of psychological first aid

Answer 57

Non intrusive emotional support, coverage of basic needs, protection from further harm, and organization of social support and networks

Question 58

It is important that patients are consulted and involved in important decisions.

Answer 58

True

Question 59

T or F: Some dangers of one session debriefing are: non homogenous group, vicarious traumatization, readiness to disclose, confidentiality

Answer 59

True

Question 60

T or F: Provide psychological first aid prior to provision of basic needs.

Answer 60

False (basic needs provided first)

Question 61

T or F: Psychological first aid provides opportunity for survivors to talk about the events but without pressure, convey genuine compassion to survivors, asking for concerns, discouraging negative ways of coping, encourage participation in daily routines, encourage company from family or friends, and offering possibility to return for further support.

Answer 61

True

Question 62

T or F: Physician must listen intently in an accepting and non judgmental manner in doing psychological first aid.

Answer 62

True

Question 63

T or F: Psychological first aid is professional counseling and psychological debriefing.

Answer 63

False (it is neither of the two)

Question 64

T or F: Psychological first aid prevents PTSD.

Answer 64

True

Question 65

PTSD patients can be given with what medications toaddress physiological/sympathomimetic symptoms?

Answer 65

Dopaminergic or serotonergic drugs

Question 66

It is antipsychotic and is recommended patient with PTSD especially patients with flashbacks and intrusive thought.

Answer 66

Quetiapine

Question 67

Given to PTSD patients that have more mood symptoms.

Answer 67

SSRIs

Question 68

It has quick adrenergic effect such as palpitation.

Answer 68

SNRI (venlafaxine)

Question 69

T or F: Addressing psychosocial stressors involve offering an opportunity to talk in private, asking for current stressors, assessing any form of abuse, brainstorming for solutions or coping, identifying support from family, involving px in self-help, and not giving advice but helping them come up with a solution for themselves.

Answer 69

True

Question 70

Primary problems for those who experienced trauma

Answer 70

Disempowerment and disconnection

Question 71

This happens when patient feels helpless during the abuse.

Answer 71

Disempowerment

Question 72

This happens when Patients are able to control when they want to remember or not and the emotions that go with it.

Answer 72

Empowerment

Question 73

This happens when the traumatic memory is separate from all other events in the life of the patient.

Answer 73

Disconnection

Question 74

The goal of therapy in trauma

Answer 74

Social connectedness

Question 75

A sense of separateness, flexibility and self possession sufficient to define one’s self interest and diminishes feeling of helplessness

Answer 75

Autonomy

Question 76

Basic capacities to build

Answer 76

Trust, autonomy, initiative, competence, identify, intimacy

Question 77

T or F; Survivor must be the author and arbiter of her own recovery

Answer 77

True

Question 78

Three stages of recovery

Answer 78

1. Establishing safety, 2. reconstructing traumatic history, 3. restoring connection between survivor and community

Question 79

T or F: Because recovery occurs in stages, intervention and management must be appropriate at each stage

Answer 79

True

Question 80

This begins by focusing control of the body and gradually moves outward toward controlling the environment

Answer 80

Establishing safety

Question 81

No single dramatic event marks the completion of the first stage of recovery

Answer 81

True

Question 82

The stage of recovery where traumatic memory transformed and integrated into the survivor’s life

Answer 82

Reconstructing

Question 83

Avoiding the traumatic memory leads to stagnation while approaching prematurely leads to fruitless and damaging reliving of the trauma

Answer 83

True

Question 84

This is the most difficult period of recovery

Answer 84

Reconstructing

Question 85

The second stage is completed when the telling of the trauma story no longer arouses such intense feeling

Answer 85

True

Question 86

Stage of recovery where the traumatized person recognizes the effects of the trauma, now he/she is ready to incorporate the lessons of her traumatic experience into her life

Answer 86

Reconnection

Question 87

T or F: It is important that the therapist have the same outlook with the patient

Answer 87

True

Question 88

The impact of a traumatic event does not continue to reverberate throughout the survivor’s life cycle

Answer 88

False (it continues)

Question 89

Best indices of resolution are the survivor’s restored capacity to take pleasure in life and to engage fully in relationships with others

Answer 89

True

Question 90

Rapes are committed by people from all economic levels, all races, all occupation

Answer 90

True

Question 91

T or F: Incest is rare

Answer 91

False (not rare)

Question 92

T or F: Sexual molestation occurs at the highest rate among school age group

Answer 92

True

Question 93

T or F: Rape is sex

Answer 93

False (it is not sex)

Question 94

T or F: While sexual attraction may be influential, power, control and anger are the primary motives.

Answer 94

True

Question 95

It is doing something or failing to do something that results in harm to a child or puts a child at risk of harm

Answer 95

Child abuse