Trauma Flashcards
What is the leading cause of TBI?
falls (esp in elderly)
What is the primary mechanism of preventing spinal cord injury?
avoid injury
What are the 3 components of the Glasgow Coma Scale?
Eye
Verbal
Motor
What are the levels of the Eye component of the Glasgow Coma Scale?
Best eye response
- No eye opening
- Eye opening to pain
- Eye opening to veral command
- Eyes open spontaneously
What are the levels of the Verbal component of the Glasgow Coma Scale?
best verbal response
- No verbal response
- incomprehensible sounds
- inappropriate words
- confused
- oriented
What are the levels of the Motor component of the Glasgow Coma Scale?
best motor response
- no motor response
- extension to pain
- flexion to pain
- withdrawl from pain
- localizing pain
- obeys commands
What numbers constitute a mild, moderate & severe glasgow coma score?
Mild : 13-15
Moderate : 9-12
Severs : 3-8
What are the signs of elevated intracranial pressure?
- Early
- headache
- confusion
- vomiting without nausea
- papilledema
- Later (if brain is displaced)
- pupillar dilation - uncal herneation
- abducens palsies - central herniation
What are signs of impending herniation?
- deteriorating neuro exam
- cushing’s response
- elevated systolic BP
- widening pulse pressure
- bradycardia
What is the name of this sign?
What does it mean?
battle’s sign
posterior fossa injury
What is the name of this sign?
What does it mean?
Racoon eyes
anterior fossa injury
What are the contents of of the skull & relative percentages?
- Brain (80%)
- Blood (12%)
- arteris
- capillaries
- veins
- venous sinuses
- Cerebrospinal fluid (8%)
What is the name of the concept that an increase in the volume of one of the compartments of the cranium myst be offset by an equal decrease in another compartment, otherwise intracranial pressure will rise?
Monro-Kelli Doctrine
What buffer accounts to Cranial Reserve?
CSF compartment
Diffuse axonal injury is what type of finding?
nonsurgical
What is axonal shear injury & how does this type of injury occur?
Really, anything that cause a shearing force
- impact from behind, cause brain to accelerate forward
- collides with anterior skull & bounces off
- coup/contracoup type injury
- axons are twisted & torn from the force
- Injured axons will start dying
What are the grades of Diffuse Axonal Injury Scale?
- Grade 1: cortical region
- Grade 2: corpus collosum
- Grade 3: back part of midbrain