Neuropsychological Correlates of Cortical and Subcortical Damage Flashcards

1
Q

What is the “lesion method”?

A

approach to understanding brain-behavior relationships

dysfunction in varied neuroanatomicla funtional systems leads to predictable & reliable cognitive and behavioral changes ; localized damage has systemic effects

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2
Q

Damage to the anterior part of the left side of the brain lead to what deficit?

A

Speech production (Broca’s aphasia)

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3
Q

Damage to the posterior part of the left side of the brain lead to what deficit?

A

disturbance in speech comprehension (Wernicke’s aphasia)

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4
Q

What functions are generally lateralized to the left hemisphere?

A

speech & language functions

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5
Q

What functions are generally lateralized to the right hemisphere?

A

nonverbal, visuospatial functions

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6
Q

Lesions can be caused by what means?

A
  • cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
  • surgical ablation of non-malignant cerebral tumors
  • focal viral infections of central nervous system
    • HSV encephalitis
  • traumatic brain injury / degenerative diseases
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7
Q

The is the left hemisphere - identify the indicated parts

A
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8
Q

What do we see in damage to right frontal area analogous to the Brocas on the left?

A

deficits in expressive procody (nonverbal aspects of communication)

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9
Q

The posterio brain regions are responsible for what functions?

A

sensation & perception

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10
Q

The anterior brain regions are responsible for what functions?

A

effector systems specialized for execution of behavior

primary motor cortices

motor area for speech

executive functions

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11
Q

What regions are depicted by the colors

yellow

red

green

A
  • yellow - mesial region
  • red - anterior temporal pole
  • green - inferotemporal region
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12
Q

What are the components of the mesial temporal lobe?

A
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • entorhinal cortex
  • perihinal cortex
  • anterior portion of parahippocampal gyrus
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13
Q

What is the principal function of the hippocampus?

A

enterograde memory (new info / day-day recall)

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14
Q

What type of memory is not mediated by the hippocampus?

A

perceptual motor learning

(automatic motor programming)

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15
Q

Injury to the amygdala has what effect on memory?

A

memory that is emotional in nature

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16
Q

What aspects of the temporal lobes play a role with retrograde memory?

A
  • anterior & nonmesial sectors
  • lateral & inferior
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17
Q

What is a clinical observation of a patient that has damage to the non-mesial section of the left temporal region?

A

have a hard time coming up with words / naming things

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18
Q

What is a clinical observation of a patient that has damage to the non-mesial section of the right temporal region?

A

identy and name other people’s facial expressions

19
Q

Damage to the occiptotemporal junction lead to what typ of disorders?

A

visual recognition

20
Q

What is prosopagnosia? It is due to damage where in the brain?

A

inabiltiy to recognize previously known faces & inability to learn new ones

occiptotemporal junction

21
Q

What regions are depicted by the colors

red

green

A
  • Red - dorsal (superior) component
  • Green - ventral (inferiori) component

of the occipital lobe

22
Q

What is one of the most common deficits due to damage of the dorsal component of the occipital lobe?

A

Balint syndrome

visual disoreintation

ocular apraxia

optic ataxia

23
Q

What is vidual disorientation?

A

inability to attend to more than one sector of the visual field at a time

24
Q

What is ocular apraxia?

A

deficit in visual scaning

25
Q

What is optic ataxia?

A

visual misreaching

26
Q

What is siultanagnosia?

A

have difficulty telling you a full story about what is going in is said photo (for example)

can only visually focus on one part of the image at a time

27
Q

What deficity can occur as a result of damage to the inferior visual association cortex?

A

Alexia (loss of reading) and Acquired (central) achromatopsia

(disorder of color perception)

28
Q

What is apperceptive visual agnosia?
It is due to damage to which area of the brain?

A

recognition disorder

connection with right-sided lesions involving both inferior & superior sectors of posterior visual associate cortices

29
Q

What are the boundaries of the parietal lobe?

A

central sulcus (anteriorly)

sylvian fissure (inferiorly)

occipital cortices (posteriorly)

30
Q

What regions are depicted by the colors

red

green

orange

orange/green

A
  • red: posterior part of supeiror temporal gyrus
  • green: inferior parietal lobule (angular area & supramarginal gyri)
  • orange: parietal operculum (inferior aspect of post central gyrus)
  • orange/green: anteriorinferior aspect of supramarginal gyrus
31
Q

In Wernicke’s aphasia, what other types of impairments are seen in addition to an oral comprehension?

A

repetition

paraphasic errors (word substitution)

32
Q

What impairments are seen with damage to the right temporopariental junction?

A

comprehension for prosody (non-verbal aspect of communication)

33
Q

What conditon can happen with damage to the left inferior parietal region?

A

conduction aphasia

*interrupting the flow of information from receptive areas to expressive areas*

deficits in calculation skills (mathematical skills)

34
Q

What conditon can happen with damage to the right inferior parietal region?

A

Spatial neglect (failure to appreciate what is going on in on half of space) &

anosognosia (denial of deficit / illness)

35
Q

What regions are depicted by the colors

red

green

orange

purple

A
  • red: frontal operculum
  • green: superior mesial region
  • orange: inferior mesial region
  • purple: lateral prefrontal region
36
Q

What aphasia occurs from damage to the left frontal operculum?

A

Broca’s aphasia

nonfluent speech; decreasity in density of words; delay in speech productoin; disturbance in grammar; naming problems; repittion problems

37
Q

What is the result of a lesion to the right frontal operculum?

A

deficity in expressive prosody, gesturing, nonverbal conmmunication

speech can be monotone & lack spontaneous gesturing

38
Q

What is the result of a lesion to the superior mesial region?

A

initiation of movement & emotional expression

akinetic mutism

39
Q

What is akinetic mutism?

A

patient makes no effort to communicate by language or gesture & maintain a blank facial expression

can do automatic things - but not inreaction to environment

40
Q

What is the result of a lesion to the inferior mesial region?

A

anterograde amnesia

41
Q

How is the inferior mesial region often damaged?

This can damage what specific structure?

A

anterior communicating artery rupture

basal forebrain

42
Q

What is one of the major functions of the basal forebrain?

A

produce ACh - plays major role in memory function

43
Q

What is the result of a lesion/damage to the ventromedial portion of the frontal lobes?

A

acquired sociopathy

severe disruption of social conduct planning, judgment, and decision making

generally do not develop memory problems or major cognitive defects

44
Q

Damage to the basal ganglio & thalamus can lead to what deficits?

A

discrite higher cortical deficits

ie. atypical aphasia (left); ceratin aspects of memory disorders (right)