Neuropsychological Correlates of Cortical and Subcortical Damage Flashcards
What is the “lesion method”?
approach to understanding brain-behavior relationships
dysfunction in varied neuroanatomicla funtional systems leads to predictable & reliable cognitive and behavioral changes ; localized damage has systemic effects
Damage to the anterior part of the left side of the brain lead to what deficit?
Speech production (Broca’s aphasia)
Damage to the posterior part of the left side of the brain lead to what deficit?
disturbance in speech comprehension (Wernicke’s aphasia)
What functions are generally lateralized to the left hemisphere?
speech & language functions
What functions are generally lateralized to the right hemisphere?
nonverbal, visuospatial functions
Lesions can be caused by what means?
- cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
- surgical ablation of non-malignant cerebral tumors
- focal viral infections of central nervous system
- HSV encephalitis
- traumatic brain injury / degenerative diseases
The is the left hemisphere - identify the indicated parts
What do we see in damage to right frontal area analogous to the Brocas on the left?
deficits in expressive procody (nonverbal aspects of communication)
The posterio brain regions are responsible for what functions?
sensation & perception
The anterior brain regions are responsible for what functions?
effector systems specialized for execution of behavior
primary motor cortices
motor area for speech
executive functions
What regions are depicted by the colors
yellow
red
green
- yellow - mesial region
- red - anterior temporal pole
- green - inferotemporal region
What are the components of the mesial temporal lobe?
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- entorhinal cortex
- perihinal cortex
- anterior portion of parahippocampal gyrus
What is the principal function of the hippocampus?
enterograde memory (new info / day-day recall)
What type of memory is not mediated by the hippocampus?
perceptual motor learning
(automatic motor programming)
Injury to the amygdala has what effect on memory?
memory that is emotional in nature
What aspects of the temporal lobes play a role with retrograde memory?
- anterior & nonmesial sectors
- lateral & inferior
What is a clinical observation of a patient that has damage to the non-mesial section of the left temporal region?
have a hard time coming up with words / naming things
What is a clinical observation of a patient that has damage to the non-mesial section of the right temporal region?
identy and name other people’s facial expressions
Damage to the occiptotemporal junction lead to what typ of disorders?
visual recognition
What is prosopagnosia? It is due to damage where in the brain?
inabiltiy to recognize previously known faces & inability to learn new ones
occiptotemporal junction
What regions are depicted by the colors
red
green
- Red - dorsal (superior) component
- Green - ventral (inferiori) component
of the occipital lobe
What is one of the most common deficits due to damage of the dorsal component of the occipital lobe?
Balint syndrome
visual disoreintation
ocular apraxia
optic ataxia
What is vidual disorientation?
inability to attend to more than one sector of the visual field at a time
What is ocular apraxia?
deficit in visual scaning
What is optic ataxia?
visual misreaching
What is siultanagnosia?
have difficulty telling you a full story about what is going in is said photo (for example)
can only visually focus on one part of the image at a time
What deficity can occur as a result of damage to the inferior visual association cortex?
Alexia (loss of reading) and Acquired (central) achromatopsia
(disorder of color perception)
What is apperceptive visual agnosia?
It is due to damage to which area of the brain?
recognition disorder
connection with right-sided lesions involving both inferior & superior sectors of posterior visual associate cortices
What are the boundaries of the parietal lobe?
central sulcus (anteriorly)
sylvian fissure (inferiorly)
occipital cortices (posteriorly)
What regions are depicted by the colors
red
green
orange
orange/green
- red: posterior part of supeiror temporal gyrus
- green: inferior parietal lobule (angular area & supramarginal gyri)
- orange: parietal operculum (inferior aspect of post central gyrus)
- orange/green: anteriorinferior aspect of supramarginal gyrus
In Wernicke’s aphasia, what other types of impairments are seen in addition to an oral comprehension?
repetition
paraphasic errors (word substitution)
What impairments are seen with damage to the right temporopariental junction?
comprehension for prosody (non-verbal aspect of communication)
What conditon can happen with damage to the left inferior parietal region?
conduction aphasia
*interrupting the flow of information from receptive areas to expressive areas*
deficits in calculation skills (mathematical skills)
What conditon can happen with damage to the right inferior parietal region?
Spatial neglect (failure to appreciate what is going on in on half of space) &
anosognosia (denial of deficit / illness)
What regions are depicted by the colors
red
green
orange
purple
- red: frontal operculum
- green: superior mesial region
- orange: inferior mesial region
- purple: lateral prefrontal region
What aphasia occurs from damage to the left frontal operculum?
Broca’s aphasia
nonfluent speech; decreasity in density of words; delay in speech productoin; disturbance in grammar; naming problems; repittion problems
What is the result of a lesion to the right frontal operculum?
deficity in expressive prosody, gesturing, nonverbal conmmunication
speech can be monotone & lack spontaneous gesturing
What is the result of a lesion to the superior mesial region?
initiation of movement & emotional expression
akinetic mutism
What is akinetic mutism?
patient makes no effort to communicate by language or gesture & maintain a blank facial expression
can do automatic things - but not inreaction to environment
What is the result of a lesion to the inferior mesial region?
anterograde amnesia
How is the inferior mesial region often damaged?
This can damage what specific structure?
anterior communicating artery rupture
basal forebrain
What is one of the major functions of the basal forebrain?
produce ACh - plays major role in memory function
What is the result of a lesion/damage to the ventromedial portion of the frontal lobes?
acquired sociopathy
severe disruption of social conduct planning, judgment, and decision making
generally do not develop memory problems or major cognitive defects
Damage to the basal ganglio & thalamus can lead to what deficits?
discrite higher cortical deficits
ie. atypical aphasia (left); ceratin aspects of memory disorders (right)
