Transport System in Living Things Flashcards
The artery’s function.
The artery transports oxygenated blood away from the heart, with the exception of the pulmonary artery.
The artery’s adaptations.
The artery has a narrow lumen to maintain a high pressure in the artery in order to push blood forward. The artery has a thick muscular wall to withstand the high pressure of blood flowing through it. The artery has no valves present because the blood pressure is high enough to prevent backflow of blood.
The vein’s function.
The vein transports deoxygenated blood towards the heart, with the exception of the pulmonary vein.
The vein’s adaptations.
The vein has a large lumen as it does not need to maintain as high of a blood pressure as in the artery. The vein has a thin muscular wall as it does not need to withstand as high of a blood pressure. The vein has valves present to prevent the backflow of blood because its blood pressure is not high enough to push blood forward.
The capillaries’ function.
The capillaries allow exchange of materials between the blood and tissues.
The capillaries’ adaptations.
The walls of the capillary are once cell thick so as to allow for more efficient exchange of substances between the blood and tissues. The capillary has a narrow lumen to slow down blood flow through the capillary for more efficient exchange of substances.
When does coronary artery disease occur?
Coronary artery disease occurs when there is a deposit of fatty substances in the walls of the coronary artery. Due to narrowing of the coronary arteries due to the blockage, blood supply to the heart muscles is reduced and disrupted. Thus, the heart muscles do not receive sufficient glucose and oxygen and will pump more weakly.
Function of red blood cell.
The red blood cells transports oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.
Adaptation of red blood cell.
The red blood cells have a biconcave shape to increase surface to volume ratio for more effective absorption of oxygen to be transported to all parts of the body. The red blood cells do not have a nucleus, so as to increase its volume to contain more haemoglobin, which helps with the transportation of oxygen. Red blood cells contain haemoglobin which combines easily with oxygen, hence helping to absorb and transport it to all parts of the body.
What are the 2 white blood cells?
Phagocytes and Lymphocytes.
Phagocytes function and adaptations.
Phagocytes help to destroy pathogens by engulfing and ingesting them. Phagocytes are irregular in shape and have a lobed-shaped nucleus.
Lymphocytes function + its appearance.
Lymphocytes produce antibodies that help to destroy pathogens. They are irregular in shape and have a large rounded nucleus.
Platelets function.
Platelets play a role in the clotting of blood to prevent further bleeding.
Plasma composition.
Plasma is 90% water, contains amino acids, glucose, carbon dioxide, hormones etc.
What is double circulation.
Double circulation is when blood passes through the heart twice. From hearts to lungs and back to heart and from heart to body and back to body.
Advantages of double circulation.
Blood enters the pulmonary circulation at low pressure, thus ensuring there is sufficient time for blood to be fully oxygenated before returning to the heart. Blood enters systemic circulation at high pressure, thus ensuring blood is quickly distributed to all parts of the body.
What happens during atrial systole?
During atrial systole, the atria contacts, leading to an increase in blood pressure in the atria, which forces the mitral and tricuspid valve to open, allowing blood to flow into the ventricles.
What happens during ventricular systole?
During ventricular systole, the ventricles contract, leading to an increase in pressure in the ventricles, which forces the aortic and pulmonary valves open, allowing the blood to flow into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration due to the random movement of molecules. It is driven by a concentration gradient.
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to lower water potential, through a selectively permeable membrane.
Root hair cell adaptation.
The root hair cell has an elongated shape to increase surface area for better absorption of mineral salts and water from the soil via diffusion.
Xylem and Phloem.
Xylem inside, Phloem outside. Xylem transports water and mineral salts from the roots, up the stem, to all parts of the plant. (via transpiration) Phloem transports glucose and amino acids from the leaves to all parts of the plant.
