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Biology- module 3 > transport in plants > Flashcards

transport in plants Flashcards

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1
Q

what does dicotyledeneous

A

2 seed leaves

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2
Q

where are places in plants in which gas exchange can occur

A

stomotas
root hair cells

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3
Q

what do xylem transport

A

water and mineral ions

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4
Q

what do phloem transport

A

sugars and amino acids

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5
Q

what is the transpiration stream

A

the movement of water up a plant

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6
Q

what is transpiration

A

the evaporation of water

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7
Q

what process allows water to move from cell to cell

A

osmosis

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8
Q

draw a root hair cell

A
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9
Q

how does water move into the root hair cells

A

facilitated diffusion and active transport

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10
Q

what is an apoplastic pathway

A

water moves from cell to cell through the cellulose cell wall

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11
Q

why is the apoplastic pathway the more effective and quicker way

A

the cellulose cell wall is fully permeable for water can diffuse easily

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12
Q

what is a symplastic pathway

A

water moves from cell to cell through the cytoplasm (plasmodesmata)

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13
Q

why is the apoplastic pathway blocked

A

the water molecules have reached the endodermis of the root which is waterproof so water molecules cannot get through so divert onto the symplastic pathway

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14
Q

draw a stem

A
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15
Q

give 3 adaptations of xylem cells

A

lignified cell walls (provides strength)

no end plates (mass flow of water)

made up of dead cells (doesn’t impede the mass flow of water)

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16
Q

what is the movement of water up a stem called

A

mass flow

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17
Q

give 3 mechanisms which make water flow up the stem

A

root pressure

cohesion

adhesion

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18
Q

how does water pressure make water flow up the stem

A

as water continuously enters the root it will create a small amount of pressure

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19
Q

how does cohesion make water flow up the stem

A

water is polar and makes hydrogen bonds, it forms bonds with other water molecules and pull it up the stem

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20
Q

how does adhesion make water flow up the stem

A

hydrogen bonds between water molecules and sides of xylem walls

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21
Q

what is capillary action

A

water molecules stick to each other and can rise up narrow tubes

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21
Q

what does capillary action do

A

increases as the diameter of the tube decreases

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21
Q

is water transport passive or active

A

passive

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21
Q

where does water enter into from the xylem vessels

A

mesophyll cells

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22
Q

what is the process of water evaporation

A

diffusion

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22
Q

what is transpiration

A

water evaporating out of a leaf

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23
Q

give 5 examples of adaptations which minimise the water vapour lost

A

waxy cuticle

stomota found underneath the leaf

stomata closed at night

deciduous plants lose their leaves in the winter as there is less water available

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23
Q

how is stomatas being underneath the leaf an efficient way of minimising the water lost

A

it reduces evaporation as the leaf is not in direct sunlight from the sun

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23
Q

give 2 reasons why it is important that plants don’t lose too much water by transpiration

A

so the plant doesn’t wilt and stays turgid so the stem is stable

water is needed for photosynthesis

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24
Q

describe the route of water into the root

A

soil

root hair cell

epidermis

cortex

endodermis

pericycle

xylem

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25
Q

explain how the total lack of cell contents makes the xylem efficient at transporting water

A

the water can flow up the column uninterrupted without meeting resistance

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25
Q

explain how the xylem having no end walls in individual xylem element makes it efficient at transporting water

A

no end walls means that the water can flow continuously without meeting resistance

26
Q

explain how the xylem having a diameter of between 0.01mm and 0.2mm makes it efficient at transporting water

A

smaller the diameter
increase in adhesion
increase in capillary action
increase in hydrostatic force

27
Q

explain how the xylem having lignified walls makes it efficient at transporting water

A

very strong- withstand the mass flow and won’t collapse

waterproof- water won’t leak out

28
Q

explain how the xylem having pits makes it efficient at transporting water

A

allows water to move into cells

if there any blockages, water can move to other vessels

29
Q

what is translocation

A

the transport of organic solutes across a plant

30
Q

give 3 examples of assimilates (transported in the phloem)

A

amino acids
hormones
sugars

31
Q

what is phloem tissue made up of

A

sieve tube elements which make a continuous column
companion cells which help them to function

32
Q

what organelles do the sieve tube elements lack

A

nucleus
vacuole
little cytoplasm

33
Q

what is a sieve plate

A

where to sieves meet

34
Q

what are the pores called in phloem

A

sieve pores

35
Q

why do the companion cells use active processes

A

to actively load sugars into the sieve tubes

36
Q

how can scientists collect sap from the phloem

A

aphids

37
Q

is the transport in phloem active or passive

A

active

38
Q

what is a source

A

any part of a plant that loads organic solutes into the phloem

39
Q

what is a sink

A

any part of the plant that takes organic solutes out of the phloem

40
Q

what is the difference in the direction between phloem and xylem

A

phloem- up and down

xylem- up only

41
Q

describe the general mechanism for mass flow of phloem sap

A

sucrose is actively loaded into the sieve tube elements and reduces the water potential

water follows by osmosis

sap moves down the sieve tube by hydrostatic pressure

sucrose is removed from the sieve tubes, which increases the water potential in the sieve tube

water is removed and this reduces hydrostatic pressure

42
Q

give an example of a source

A

leaf

43
Q

give an example of a sink

A

growing tip

44
Q

what cells carry out photosynthesis

A

mesophyll cells

45
Q

what is the cell membrane phloem called

A

plasmodesmata

46
Q

describe the steps of sucrose being ‘loaded’ into the phloem

A

H+ ions are actively pumped out of the companion cells using ATP (active transport)

this creates a high concentration of H+ ions so will need facilitated diffusion to move back into the companion cells involving a protein carrier (which will only work if sucrose is present)

sucrose concentration is too high in the companion cell and then diffuses across the plasmodesmata

47
Q

what is the process that moves sucrose for a higher concentration to a lower concentration

A

facilitated diffusion

48
Q

what are the 2 uses of sucrose in a cell

A

can be hydrolysed into glucose and fructose

can be used as energy storage (e.g. starch)

49
Q

how do we know that phloem uses an active process

A

companion cells have mitochondria

50
Q

what are terresterial plants

A

plants that live on land

51
Q

what are the 2 things that plants which live on land must be adapted for

A

loss of water

replacing water lost

52
Q

what are xerophytes

A

plants that live in dry conditions

53
Q

how do sunken stomatas minimise water loss

A

reduces air movement

increases humidity (creates a water vapour potential gradient)

54
Q

how does a reduced number of stomatas minimise water loss

A

less gas exchange occurs

less water lost via transpiration

55
Q

how does a reduced number of leaves minimise water loss

A

reduced surface area

minimises water loss as there is a reduction in transpiration

56
Q

how does a plant having curled leaves minimise water loss

A

all the stomatas are within a micro-environment which increases humidity which reduces water loss

57
Q

what root adaptations are present in xerophytes

A

long roots

cover a large surface area to reach optimum water available

58
Q

how does a plant having needles as leaves minimise water loss

A

reduces surface area

59
Q

give an example of a xerophyte

A

cacti

60
Q

what plants grow on sand dunes

A

maram grass

61
Q

give 3 reasons why sand dunes are harsh environments

A

sand does not hold water

usually windy conditions

salty sand usually lowers water potential around the root

62
Q

give 3 ways that maram grass is adapted to its harsh conditions

A

curl leaves in windy weather

hairs on epidermis

thick waxy layer on epidermis

63
Q

give 3 ways that cacti are adapted to its harsh conditions

A

thick waxy layer on epidermis

spines instead of leaves

cacti close stomata in the day as it is the highest rate of transpiration

64
Q

what are hydrophytes

A

plants that live in water

65
Q

if plants float, why is it important that their leaves are on the surface of the water (3 ways)

A

in order to reach sunlight for photosynthesis

oxygen for respiration

CO2 for photosynthesis

66
Q

why do hydrophytes have thin waxy cuticles

A

water loss by transpiration is not a need

67
Q

why do hydrophytes have stomata found on the upper side of the leaf

A

gas exchange

68
Q

why do hydrophytes have reduced supporting tissues

A

no need for it as the water creates support for them

69
Q

why do hydrophytes have air sacs

A

in order for the plant to float

70
Q

what is aerenchyma

A

packing tissue that forms in leaves
it has many air spaces

71
Q

what is the function of aerenchyma

A

makes stems and leaves more boyant

forming a low resistance internal pathway for the movement of substances such as oxygen

72
Q

what are hyathodes and why are they useful in hydrophytes

A

they release droplets off water which can be evaporated

this stops the transpiration stream being blocked

Biology- module 3 (3 decks)

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