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Biology- module 3 > exchange surfaces > Flashcards

exchange surfaces Flashcards

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1
Q

give 2 reasons why a single-celled organism doesn’t need a specialised gas exchange system but a mammal does

A

they have a large surface area, diffusion is relatively fast

they have a much lower metabolic rate as they are less active, they have a lower demand for oxygen and produce less CO2

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2
Q

give 3 reasons why a multicellular animals have a slow diffusion rate

A

some cells are deep within the body

larger animals have a low surface area to volume ratio

they have a higher metabolic rate than single cellular organisms

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3
Q

what is the equation for the surface area of a sphere

A

4 (pi) squared

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4
Q

what is the equation for the volume of a sphere

A

4/3 pi (radius) cubed

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5
Q

list 3 features which are useful for gas exchange

A

short diffusion pathway

big concentration gradient

big surface area

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6
Q

why are mammals lungs deep inside the body

A

if it was too permeable and thin, water would be diffused into the lungs

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7
Q

describe the pathway of the respiratory system

A

nasal passage
nostrils
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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8
Q

what are lungs protected by

A

ribcage

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9
Q

what are muscles called in lungs

A

intercostal muscles

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10
Q

define metabolic rate

A

high cell respiration rate to produce ATP fast enough to supply the cells with enough energy to carry out active processes

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11
Q

give 3 ways the nasal capacity is adapted to maximise gas exchange

A

large surface area

hairy lining to trap dust and bacteria

moist surfaces which increase the humidity of the incoming air reducing evaporation from the exchange surfaces

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12
Q

what is the purpose of goblet cells

A

secrete mucus which traps microorganisms and bacteria

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13
Q

what is the function of cilia

A

they move mucus upward towards the throat

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14
Q

what is the function of elastic fibres

A

they help the process of breathing in and out
they stretch and recoil

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15
Q

what is the purpose of smooth muscle

A

during exercise the smooth muscle relaxes making tubes wider so there’s less resistance to airflow and air can move in and out of lungs more easily

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16
Q

what is the function of cartilidge

A

provide support
strong but flexible
stops trachea and bronchiole from collapsing when pressure drops

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17
Q

which part of the lungs have cartilidge

A

trachea
bronchi

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18
Q

what part of the lungs have smooth muscle

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles

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19
Q

what part of the lungs have elastic fibres

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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20
Q

what parts of the lungs have goblet cells

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles

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21
Q

why do the smallest bronchioles and alveoli have no smooth muscle and goblet cells

A

disappears as it is smaller

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22
Q

why do the epithelium not have cilia in the bronchioles and alveoli

A

they could block the air way

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23
Q

why do smokers often develop long term coughs

A

destroys cilia hairs

mucus sits there

pathogens are trapped in causing infection and irritation

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24
Q

why does the amount of cartilage reduce as we move from the trachea to the bronchi to the bronchioles

A

it doesn’t need the support as it is small

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25
Q

why is cartilidge incomplete and a C shape

A

it would be too rigid

needs flexibility to allow food to be swallowed down the oesphagus which is behind the trachea

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26
Q

give 3 ways the alveoli are adapted for efficient gas exchange

A

short diffusion pathway (capillaries are close by and the membrane is thin)

good concentration gradient (blood is flowing to take CO2 away and brings O2)

large surface area (millions of alveoli create a large surface area

27
Q

why is surfactant released by the aveoli into its inner lining

A

lowers surface tension so they don’t stick together when exhaling

28
Q

what is inspiration

A

breathing in

29
Q

describe the process of inspiration

A

external intercostal muscles and diaphram contract

ribcage moves up and the diaphram flattens creating an increase in volume for the thorax (where the lungs are)

lung pressure decreases, allowing air to flow into the lungs

30
Q

why is inspiration an active process

A

it requires energy

31
Q

what is expiration

A

breathing out

32
Q

describe the process of expiration

A

external intercostal and diaphram muscles relax

ribcage moves downwards and diaphram becomes curved again

thorax volume decreases and increases in pressure

air is forced out the lungs

33
Q

describe what happens in forced expiration

A

the internal intercostal muscles contract to pull the ribcage down and in

34
Q

what is the calculation of ventilation rate

A

ventilation rate= breathing rate x tidal volume

35
Q

what is the typical tidal volume

A

0.5 dm3

36
Q

what is tidal volume

A

volume of air exchanged per breath

37
Q

what is the intention of a spirometer

A

to investigate breathing

38
Q

describe how a spirometer works

A

person breathes in and out via mouthpiece

when breathing in, they use the oxygen from the chamber and the float decreases

when breathing out, the CO2 is absorbed by soda lime and the flat increases

the float is attached to a pen which writes on a revolving drum recording breathing movements

39
Q

what is vital capaity

A

the maximum volume of air that can be breathed in and out in one breath

40
Q

what are the 2 ways to calculate breathing rate

A

60/ time for 1 breath

count the peaks in graphs

41
Q

name 3 safety precautions when using a spirometer

A

make sure that the soda lime is being used as the person will be breathing in exhaled CO2

make sure the person is healthy

make sure the mouthpiece is sterilised

42
Q

what difficulties are there in trying to gain oxygen from water rather than air

A

water is more dense than air so would take more energy to complete

water has a much lower oxygen content than air, so there would be a smaller concentration gradient across the gas exchange surface

43
Q

how many gills do fish have

A

4

44
Q

where are gills found

A

gill cavity

45
Q

what is the flap that covers the gill cavity called

A

operculum

46
Q

draw a fish gill

A

(in the back of the booklet)

47
Q

describe a counter-current system

A

water with a relatively high oxygen concentration flow next to a blood with a lower concentration of oxygen

48
Q

why is a counter current system useful

A

makes a steep concentration gradient

49
Q

describe the process of ventilation in bony fish

A

fish opens it mouth
this lowers the floor of the buccal cavity
increases the volume of the buccal cavity
pressure inside the buccal cavity to fall
water is then drawn into the buccal cavity due to pressure gradient

then

fish closes it mouth
floor of buccal cavity is raised
volume inside the buccal cavity falls
pressure inside the buccal cavity increases
water is forced over the gill filaments (where gas exchange happens)

50
Q

how does the structure of a fish gill have a large surface area

A

4 gills
each gill is made up of 2 stacks of gill filament
each filament is covered with gill plates (lamellae) which is the site of gas exchange

51
Q

how does the structure of a fish gill have a short diffusion pathway

A

capillaries are close to the surface
gill plates are thin

52
Q

how does the structure of a fish gill have a big concentration gradient

A

counter-current mechanism

53
Q

what is 3 things needed for efficient gas exchange

A

large surface area
steep concentration gradient
short diffusion pathway

54
Q

what is the purpose of exoskeletons in insects (2 ways)

A

prevents gas exchange from happening across their body

protection

55
Q

what type of circulatory system do insects have

A

open circulatory system

56
Q

describe the gas exchange structures in insects (in order)

A

spiracles
trachea
tracheoles

57
Q

what is the role of chitin in insects

A

to keep airways open (stop them collapsing)

58
Q

describe the structure of tracheoles in insects

A

single elongated cell with no chitin

59
Q

how does an insect’s gas exchange system have a large surface area

A

lots of tracheoles in contact with body cells

60
Q

how does an insect’s gas exchange system have a big concentration gradient

A

body cells are constantly using oxygen and producing CO2 maintaining a diffusion gradient

61
Q

how does an insects gas exchange system have a short diffusion pathway

A

the end of trachea are thin so short distance for diffusion, short distance between air outside insect and body cells

62
Q

what limits the diffusion of oxygen in insects and how is it overcome

A

the tracheal fluid limits oxygen getting to the tracheoles near to the cells

if insects’s activity increases, it will repsire aneorbically and produce lactic acid, which lowers the water potential drawing water from the tracheoles in the cells by osmosis, so less fluid is left in the tracheole so an increase in surface area is available for gas exchange

63
Q

give 3 ways in which larger insects can also ventilate their tracheal system by movements of the body

A

air sacs can be squeezed by the action of the flight muscles

movements of the wings alter the volume of the thorax

locusts can alter the volume of their abdomen by specialised breathing movements

Biology- module 3 (3 decks)

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