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Biology- module 3 > transport in animals > Flashcards

transport in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

give 3 reasons why specialised transport systems are needed

A

metabollic demands are high

surface area to volume ratio is smaller

size of organism

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2
Q

what is an open circulatory system

A

no blood vessels and is in an open cavity

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3
Q

what is the blood in insects called

A

heamolymph

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4
Q

what is a closed circulatory system

A

blood vessels and does not come into direct contact with cells

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5
Q

what is a single closed circulatory system

A

only around the body once

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6
Q

what is a double closed circulatory system

A

travels twice around the body

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7
Q

why are elastic fibres useful in blood vessels

A

they can stretch and recoil providing felxibility

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8
Q

why is smooth muscle useful in blood vessels

A

contracts and relaxes to change the size of the lumen

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9
Q

why is collagen useful in blood vessels

A

provides structural shape

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10
Q

name the structures in arteries (3 features)

A

endothelium
elastic layer
smooth muscle layer

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11
Q

what are aterioles roles

A

feed blood into capillaries

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12
Q

what are capillaries role

A

metabollic exchange

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13
Q

what is tissue fluid

A

contains dissolved oxygen and nutrients which supplies tissues with essential solutes

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14
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure that forces blood out of capillaries allowing substances within tissue fluid to be exchanged

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15
Q

what is osmotic pressure

A

the pushes fluid into the capillaries

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16
Q

where does excess tissue fluid that isn’t transported back into the capillaries go

A

lymphatic system with lymphnodes and lymphocytes

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17
Q

how does the water from tissue fluid move to the blood again (3 marks)

A

tissue fluid has a positive water potential
blood has a negative water potential
water moves down a water potential gradient via osmosis

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

how many polypeptide chains does haemoglobin have

A

4
2 alpha and 2 beta

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20
Q

what is the haem group of haemoglobin

A

iron

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21
Q

how many oxygen molecules can haemoglobin carry

A

4

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22
Q

what is partial pressure of oxygen a measure of

A

oxygen concentration

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23
Q

what does SAN act as

A

pacemaker

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24
Q

how is the electrical impulse passed from the atria to the ventricle

A

SAN sends electrical excitation
atria contracts
electrical excitation is detected by the AVN
AVN sends electrical excitation down Purkyne fibres, down apex
ventricles contract

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25
Q

where is the SAN located

A

right atrium

26
Q

what is the His a collection of

A

conducting tissue

27
Q

what do ECG’s measure

A

hearts electrical activity

28
Q

what are the 3 traces in an ECG

A

P wave
QRS wave
T wave

29
Q

what does the P wave indicate in an ECG

A

atrial systole

30
Q

what does the QRS wave indicate in an ECG

A

ventricle systole

31
Q

what does the T wave indicate in an ECG

A

ventricle diastole

32
Q

what is an ectopic heartbeat

A

an added heart beat

33
Q

what is atrial fibrillation

A

the heart cannot pump heart properly

34
Q

how to treat atrial fibrillation

A

surgery or treatment

35
Q

what is the bohr shift

A

dissociation curve shift to the right

36
Q

how does a pump in the heart give an efficient transport system

A

creates hydrostatic pressure

37
Q

how is blood being a fluid make it an efficient transport system

A

transport medium

38
Q

how do blood vessels give it an efficient transport system

A

maintains high pressure

39
Q

describe the flow of blood starting from the vena cava

A

vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
right atrium
aorta

40
Q

describe the cardiac cycle

A

blood flows into the atria via the veins passively
AV valves are open
artria muscles contract
atrial pressure increases
blood pushed into the ventricles
ventricle muscles contract
pressure increases in ventricles
AV close
SL valves open
blood pumped into aorta
ventricular volume decreases
pressure in arteries increases
forces the SL valves to shut
atrial and ventricle muscles relax

41
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

cardiac output= stroke volume x heart rate

42
Q

what is ultrafiltration in the formation of lymph

A

when plasma is forced out of the capillaries through the capillary walls into the tissues

43
Q

what filters lymph

A

lymphnodes

44
Q

why does the artery wall have a thick layer of collagen

A

stop them from bursting or collapsing

45
Q

why do arteries have a layer of smooth muscle

A

control how large the lumen is to maintain pressure

46
Q

why do arteries have folded epithelium

A

allows lumen to expand under pressure

47
Q

how is carbon dioxide removed 85% of the time

A

CO2 diffuses into erythrocyte

broke down by carbonicohydrase

forms carbonic acid

dissociates with haemoglobin

HCO3 leaves

chloride diffused in to balance charge (chloride shift)

chlorine acts as a buffer and binds to haemoglobin

haemoglobin acid

48
Q

why is the formation if carbaminohaemoglobin potentially dangerous for the body if CO2 is not excreted

A

haemoglobin needs to carry oxygen not CO2, less oxygen to respiring tissues

49
Q

why is the formation of hydrogen potentially dangerous for the body

A

it makes it too acidic which could denature proteins

50
Q

what is the role of smooth muscle tissue

A

maintains blood pressure as it regulates the size of the lumen

51
Q

what is the role of leucocytes

A

to fight pathogens

52
Q

what is the process if plasma seperation under pressure known as

A

ultrafiltration

53
Q

are leucocytes found in blood or tissue fluid

A

both

54
Q

suggest one way in which lymph is different from tissue fluid

A

lymph has toxic waste materials

55
Q

suggest three safety measures you should take to reduce the risk from pathogens

A

sharp instruments

sterilise the tables after dissection

wear gloves

56
Q

why is each AV valve attached to the ventricle wall by tendons

A

prevents backflow by stopping the AV valves from operating when in systole

57
Q

why is the heart myogenic

A

the contraction is controlled by the SAN valve

58
Q

what prevents the SAN from causing immediate contraction of the ventricles

A

conducting tissue

59
Q

why is it important that the electrical wave from the SAN takes time to reach the ventricles

A

enough time for blood to rush until the ventricles from the atrium

60
Q
A

Biology- module 3 (3 decks)

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