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Transport In Humans Flashcards

1
Q

Why do unicellular organisms rely on diffusion for movement in and out of cells

A

They have no circulatory system as they are too small so they can obtain oxygen through diffusion

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2
Q

What is the need for a transport system in multicellular organisms

A

It will take too long for oxygen to diffuse to all of your surfaces so the circulatory system is needed a it is much quicker

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3
Q

Describe the composition of blood

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma

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4
Q

What is the function of plasma

A

Transports carbon dioxide, urea, digested food, hormones and heat energy around the body

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5
Q

What are three adaptations of red blood cells

A

Biconcave shape, no nucleus, contains haemoglobin

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6
Q

How does a red blood cell biconcave shape help transport oxygen to different

A

Creates a large surface area meaning it can absorb as much oxygen as possible

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7
Q

How does a red blood cell absence of nucleus help transport oxygen

A

Maximises space for oxygen

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8
Q

How does a red blood cell containing haemoglobin help transport oxygen

A

Binds with oxygen creating oxyhaemoglobin which can then be transported around the body

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9
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

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10
Q

What is the function of phagocytes

A

A phagocytes engulfs the pathogen then digests it with its bag of enzymes

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11
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes

A

Release antibodies specific to antigens on the pathogen

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12
Q

What are the two ways to make a vaccine

A

Dead pathogens, weakened strains of pathogens

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13
Q

How does a vaccine work

A

They cause a primary immune response which causes memory cells to be made. Then if infected by a real pathogen your body can directly go to a secondary immune response

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14
Q

What is the role of platelets

A

Prevents blood loss and entry of pathogens, helps with blood clotting

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15
Q

What is fibrinogen

A

Soluble substances which reacts with oxygen creating an insoluble fibrin net (scab)

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16
Q

What are the two bottom chambers of the heart

A

Left and right ventricle

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17
Q

What are the two top chambers of the heart

A

Left and right atrium

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18
Q

What is the use of the thick muscular wall

A

Allows a larger amount of oxygenated blood to be pumped around the body

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19
Q

What are the three types of valves

A

Tricuspid, semi-lunar, bicuspid

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20
Q

What is the role of the aorta

A

Carries oxygenated blood around the body

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21
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary artery

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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22
Q

What is the role of the vena cava

A

Brings deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart

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23
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary vein

A

Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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24
Q

What is the role of the septum

A

Central wall of the heart preventing the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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25
Describe the journey of blood from the heart, lungs and around body
Vena cava—right atrium—tricuspid valve—right ventricle—semi-lunar valves—pulmonary artery—lungs—pulmonary veins—left atrium—bicuspid valve—left ventricle—semi-lunar valves—aorta—around body—vena cava
26
What is the effect of adrenaline on your heart rate
Your heart rate increases. Your muscles require more oxygen meaning aerobic respiration will take place. This means that your heart rate increases
27
Where is adrenaline produced
Adrenal glands above kidneys
28
What is the effect on exercise on your heart rate
Your heart rate increases. Your muscles require more oxygen meaning aerobic respiration will take place. This means that your heart rate increases as
29
What is a primary immune response
Lymphocytes producing antibodies which are specific and complementary to the antigen on a pathogen
30
What is a secondary immune response
Lymphocytes becoming memory cells which recognise the antigens on the pathogen. This means that the complementary antibodies can be made faster and in larger numbers.
31
What are the stages of phagocytosis
1.pathogen is engulfed and digested by the phagocyte 2.bag of enzymes fuse with membrane around the pathogen 3.enzymes digest and kill pathogen
32
What is a antigen
Protein markers on the outside of cells
33
What do antibodies do
Cell lysis, aggregation, neutralises toxins, marks pathogen with lablels
34
What is cell lysis
They make the microbes explode
35
What is aggregation
They make the microbes stick together so that it is easier for phagocytes to engulf them
36
Why are pathogens marked with labels
So they can be easily recognised in the future
37
38
What 6 factors may increase the risk of coronary heart disease
Hereditary, high blood pressure, unhealthy diet, smoking, stress, sedentary lifestyle
39
Hereditary
Some people inherit a tendency to develop coronary heart disease
40
High blood pressure
Puts more strain on the heart
41
Unhealthy diet
Eating large amounts of saturated fat is likely to raise cholesterol levels
42
Smoking
Raises blood pressure and makes blood clots more likely to form
43
Stress
Raises blood pressure
44
Sedentary lifestyle
Regular exercise helps reduce blood pressure and strengthens the heart
45
How does CHD cause a heart attack
If blood cannot flow through the coronary artery, the cells on the far side of the blockage do not receive enough oxygen for aerobic respiration. This means the cells undergo anaerobic respiration where lactic acid is produced. Over time this lowers the PH of the cells, killing them and causing a heart attack
46
How does smoking affect the circulatory system
Increases blood pressure which can cause damage to the inside of coronary arteries. Chemicals cause damage making it more likely that fatty deposits will form.
47
Why are red blood cells slightly bigger
So that they travel slower leaving more time for diffusion
48
What is the function of arteries
To pump blood away from the heart to the body and lungs
49
What type of blood is in a artery
Mostly oxygenated apart from pulmonary artery-deoxygenated
50
What is the structure of an artery
Narrow lumen with thick muscle wall and elastic walls
51
Do arteries have valves
No expect pulmonary artery and aorta
52
How does a arteries structure relate to its function
Blood is kept at a high pressure to ensure it is delivered to all tissues
53
What is the function of capillaries
Gas exchange-deliver nutrients such as oxygen and glucose+remove waste
54
What type of blood blood is in capillaries
Oxygenated at the start then exchanges to deoxygenated
55
What is the diameter of a artery
Small
56
What is the diameter of a capillary
Very small
57
What is the structure of a capillary
One cell wide wall (endothelium), one cell wide lumen, no other structures
58
59
How is the structure of a capillary related to its function
Very thin for fast diffusion-short diffusion distance
60
What is the function of veins
Carry blood from the tissues to heart and from lungs to heart
61
What type of blood do veins carry
Mostly deoxygenated except pulmonary vein
62
What is the diameter of veins
Large
63
What is the structure of a vein
Large lumen, thin muscle wall, no elastic layer
64
Do veins have valves
Yes
65
How is the structure of veins relate to its function
Valves prevent back flow of blood, thinner walls of muscle and elastic create lower pressure so the blood travels slowly back to the heart
66
What blood vessel goes towards the liver
Hepatic artery
67
What blood vessel goes away from the liver
Hepatic vein
68
What blood vessel goes from the gut to the liver
Hepatic portal vein
69
What blood vessel goes towards the kidneys
Renal artery
70
What blood vessel goes away from the kidneys
Renal vein
71
What is the equation to find magnification
Image size/actual size=magnification
72
What is the function of the red blood cell
Transports oxygen around the body
73
What is the function of a white blood cell
Made up of phagocytes-kills pathogens And lymphocytes-create antibodies to kill pathogens
74
What percentage of blood is red blood cells
44%
75
What percentage of blood is white blood cells
1%
76
What percentage of blood is platelets
1%
77
What percentage of blood is plasma
55%

Biology (8 decks)

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