Transport in animals

Question 1

Double system

Answer 1

(Cardiac muscle contracts involuntarily)

• The right atria receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus, it then moves to the right ventricle where it’s pumped tot what lunges in order to become oxygenated.
• Once deoxygenated it’s sent you the left atrium and to the left ventricle, through the bicuspid valve, where it’s then pushed through the aorta around the body’s tissues

Question 2

The coronary vessels

Answer 2

Vessels which serve the heart , taking blood from the main artery (aorta) coming from the heart to the rest of the body

Question 3

Pulmonary and Systemic vessels

Answer 3

Pumps the blood from the heart// to the lungs so that the body’s tissue can receive oxygenated blood.

Question 4

Arteries + Arterioles

Answer 4

Carry blood away from the heart ( through the aorta ) the arteries diverge into capillary beds supplying the tissues.

Question 5

Capillaries

Answer 5

Carries blood away from the heart and exchange nutrients through pores

(continuous - found in the lungs and muscle tissue. Sinusoid also - found I. The liver and spleen. Fenestrated - found in the kidney and volume//Small intestines)

Question 6

Veins + Venules

Answer 6

Bring blood back to the heart, with smooth muscles to regulate blood flow

Question 7

The circulatory system

Answer 7

• blood is transported through the superior and inferior vena cava to the right atrium
• blood then moved through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle from which it’s pumped to the lunges in other to regain oxygen
• the blood then travels from the lungs to the left atrium
• blood then passes through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle from which it’s pumped around the body

Question 8

The cardiac cycle // conduction in the heart

Answer 8

• The sinoatrial node sends electrical signals through a wave of depolarisation from the wall of the right atrium
• the wave travels across the atria after a delay of 0.1s causing atrial systole
• In this blood flows passively form the atria to ventricles
• The wave will then reach the atrioventricular node where it’s transferred to be transported by the bundle of His down the septum
• once the wave reaches the apex of the heat, the wave will then travel up the wall of the ventricles through the Purkyne fibre, this causing ventricular systole
• Causing the muscles of the ventricle walls to contract, pushing the blood up and out of the main arteries
• Once the blood has been pumped the myocyte(muscle) can be depolarised as they relax and diastole carries out, where the chambers refill passively

Question 9

Tissue fluid

Answer 9

Blood travels through the capillary vessels at high hydrostatic pressure which allows for water, ions and small molecules to be filtered out of the vessels through their small pores

Question 10

The lymphatic system

Answer 10

• the Thoracic duct receives lymph drained from around the body and returns it to the blood stream
• the Lymph nodes destroys all of the materials in the fluid and produces lymphocytes before it carries on being transported in the blood vessels

Question 11

Erythrocytes

Answer 11

• Produced by EPO//Erythropoietin a hormone perverted by the kidney which stimulates red cell production in the bone marrow
• Red blood cells transport substances to and from cells and contribute to the buffering capacity of blood (pH)
• the red pigment is due to haemoglobin which keeps its viscosity low and allows for enzymes to be transported in the blood
• have no nucleus and a biconcave shape for maxi an absorption of oxygen which bids to the haemoglobin forming oxyhemoglobin which is h thy en transported to cells

Question 12

Haemoglobin

Answer 12

• each haemoglobin molecule can bond to 4 oxygens in separate reversible reactions
• with each added oxygen the affinity of the haemoglobin increases through the process of cooperativity//allostery which can be displayed in a dissociciation curve as a sigmoid always shape is created
• haemoglobin is a globular protein with 4 polypeptide Chains (2alpha and 2beta) each group containing an Fe^2+ ion in the ferrous state

Question 13

Move money of materials in and out of cells

Answer 13

• CO2 is dissolved j to the bloods plasma, and into the red blood cells, joining HbNH2 to form HbNHCOOH//Carbamino haemoglobin which is them released into the plasma
• or the CO2 in the blood cell reacts with H2O to form H2CO3which then dissociated in to H+ and HCO3- which is released and replaced with Cl- from the plasma, therefore allowing the H to bind to haemoglobin forming HHb from HbO2 as the O2 is replaced by the H
• O diffused into the tissue